hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 19:53

也凑个热闹、再谈谈投资与投机、价值分析与技术分析

也凑个热闹、再谈谈投资与投机、价值分析与技术分析


发布:尘浪 


  最近论坛由投资和投机的理念之争,进而深入到价值分析法和技术分析法的方法之争,的确使人从中受益不浅,我想,一个人不可能都是正确的,在论争之后,取长补短,使得自己的操作水平不断提高才是我们参与讨论的根本目的所在。
  
   关于投资和投机、价值分析和技术分析的优劣的讨论在论坛已经进行了多次,我想这些讨论不能离开当前的市场背景。这是讨论的前提。
  
   许多伟大的金融思想家们,都对投资和投机的区别进行解释,凯恩斯的观点:投资是对资产在其整个生命周期内的收益活动进行预测的一项活动,而投机是预测市场心理的一项活动。格雷厄姆:“投资活动是在全面分析的基础上保证本金的安全又能产生令人满意的收益。而不能满足上述条件的是投机活动”。巴非特认为“如果你是投资家,你会考虑你的资产即你的企业将会怎样,如果你是一个投机家,你主要预测价格将会怎样而不是企业”。当然还有其他版本的解释。什么样的解释是理论家和学者的事,对于一个实践者并不重要,重要的是现阶段投资者应该作何选择才能活得更好。
  
   我觉的现阶段的中小投资者不管从哪个方面来讲相对于大资金投资者都是处于弱势。但是既然参与到这个市场中来,有一点可以肯定,没有人仅仅是靠感觉就能在股市中长期获利,那么出路在那里?投机?投资?价值分析?技术分析?在决定交易之前,我们的确要问问自己:我们依据什么来决定自己的买卖行为?大致上,所有的交易理由可归纳为:基本分析、市场分析和消息。撇开消息不讲。就前二者的比较来说,在一个信息社会里,可以说,散户在基本分析上是没有丝毫优势的。
  
   在股票市场里,一家中等规模的机构仅仅是负责基本分析的研究人员就有不少,其中包括行业分析师,财务分析师,负责资料收集整理的信息员等等.这些人几乎每天都要不停的工作,才能保证公司在做出决策时所依据的基本分析是相对完整的和比较准确的.还不用说大券商则更是直接招收相关专业的博士来充实行业研究队伍,试图找到被人遗忘的金子.从这一点上来说,中小投资者使用基本分析的方法来进行投资有优势吗?凭什么中小投资者能发现别人没有发现的价值?其二,信息的不对称、虚假信息的充斥甚至让投资者不敢相信信息的真实性。由于同股不同价、同股不同权,使得股票作为公司整体的代表被分裂,而国家股、法人股在二级市场以外得以以低于实质价值转让,使得“资产重组”一波更劲一波,并成为黑幕交易的温床;同时派生出“壳”的价值,甚至产生公司逆序排列的价值异化。也正是因为公司价值难于评定,目前市场上才表现对价值的冷淡,技术分析异常盛行。其三、目前市场的平均市盈率高启。从96年以来股票价格不断走高,市场中巨大的资金储备更为股价的提升起着推波助澜的作用,很显然市场价格已经和价值的偏离幅度在进一步加大。目前,A股市场持续以50-60倍的市盈率进行交易,这个倍数无论以什么理由解释都是过高的。科技股定位在100倍以上人们视其为合理,产生了价格严重背离价值的现象。在这种情况下"我们这个市场对“投资”和"价值分析"为什么会那么的漠视!"也就不难理解了,而选择"投机"和"技术分析"也就有其必然性了。
  
   回过头来看看技术分析。首先我给技术分析的定义是"对市场多空双方力量之消长变化的解读"。由于走势图相对来说对每个人传递的信息都是一样的,不同的是每个人理解水平的高低。所以,从某种意义上说是相对公平的。那么,技术分析从逻辑上可能吗?我觉得是可能的,随机漫步理论认为股价运动是随机毫无规律可言,这根本无法解释为什么总有一些高手常年累月从股市中获利。市场是有其内在的运行规律的。技术分析就是对股价运行规律的探索。技术分析是在不断发展创新的,这是它的生命力所在。技术分析也不可能因为有效就被所有的人所掌握,同样一本教材,有的人考上大学有的人参加奥林匹克竞赛有的人考不及格,技术分析也是如此。即使掌握了方法,在运用中还会产生千差万别的结果。从实践来看,运用技术分析成功的大有人在。当然,从更深的一层讲,那种认为懂得技术分析就能无往不胜的观点我不赞同。我认为技术分析对于证券投资的作用,绝不在于预测明天的涨跌如何 ,而在于其哲学指导意义。在这一点上,技术分析方法和基本分析方法一样,为我们提供了哲学上的指导。一些经典的技术分析理论(如道氏理论)的重要性绝不是因为这些理论提出的什么定理。而是提供了哲学的思辩和逻辑方法。所有的技术分析方法都只是在概率上为我们提供投资决策的依据,根据这些法则所做的判断都是一定概率水平的判断,但如果因为具体法则用于实战的结果的不确定性而怀疑技术分析的作用那就有失偏颇了.
  
   股票价格从根本上是由供求关系来决定。有价值的东西,只要不转化为市场中实实在的需求性买单,股价是绝对不会上涨的;反之,你认为没有价值的只要没有转化为市场中实实在在的卖单,股价也是不会下跌的。市场中供给和需求起决定作用,而价值规律反而常常失效。股市中经常存在"泡沫",除了在价格偏离价值太多太久的极点位置,市场在多数时候是正确的,价值理论并不可随便乱用。如果不能理解这一点,就无法理解B股长期低迷而对国内开放后的走势。你能说,开放前后这些股票的价值有什么根本的变化吗?显然没有,而是供求关系发生了改变了结果。有不少朋友说B股的上涨是价值投资的胜利?我不知到他们如何解释AB股长期的价格差异。我再举一个市场之外的例子:空气和钻石那一种价值高?很明显,空气,没有空气人无法生存。但是,我们不要为空气付帐,二者的价格是不可相提并论的。但是,如果你需要空气,没有的话就不能生存,那么,你会那钻石去换的。空气的价值没有变化,为什么价格会发生这么大的差异?因为你需要。供求关系在其中起作用而不是价值规律。
  
   投资是一门实践科学,对一般人,投资和投机的区分并没有什么意思,同样,运用技术分析有成功的,也是失败的,有一些所谓的技术分析高手多年来仍然在散户厅里混。价值分析也一样,巴非特只有一个,那么多的价值分析者并不因运用价值分析而成为巴非特第二。笔者在前几年侧重分析的是股票的内在价值,可以说是较为成功的,但现在显然投资于相对低市盈率的绩优股和高市盈率的成长型股票只能获得低回报。美国股市1973-1974年成长型股票的崩溃值得我们思考。我们也来看看仅仅依靠分析股价走势是否能获利?答案是完全肯定了。笔者近日对600173的操作就是完全从股价走势而不考虑其基本面价值而进行推断的,目前获利在20%以上。当然,我觉得技术分析如果能结合基本面的分析来进行,其成功的概率会更大一些,如我参加模拟的600791,还有我前阶段做的0831。当然,失败的例子也有。说到底,不在方法本身,而在于如何运用。我认为尊重现实、灵活应变而不是教条地应用这些方法,才可能取得好的成绩。巴非特不轻易改变投资策略是因为其拥有数量庞大的资金。一般投资者如果机械摹仿,死死抱住投资和价值法则不放,我的感觉是现阶段的确有脱离实际的倾向,而取得超额的回报则几乎不可能,除非已经在不知不觉中运用了投机的技巧。
  
   价值投资的鼻祖格兰姆在晚年时投资思想也发生了重大的改变。他于1976年去世前不久,在接受美国《财务分析师》杂志(Financial Analysts Journal)的访谈中,宣布他不再信奉基本分析流派,而最终相信“效率市场”理论。他认为,靠证券分析方法中刻意创立的分析技术,已不再能发现超值获利的投资机会。在他的《证券分析》一书出版的年代,确实存在这样的机会。但是现在,情况已经大大不同了。当整个投资行业都在用同样的方式来发掘超值股票时,分析的成本就被极大地提高了。因此,格兰姆最后宣称,他最终站在了“效率市场”理论(即市场行为反映一切)一边。上述观点非常值得深思。我们说这些并非意在全盘否定格氏理论。尽管格氏选股具体标准不适合于中国股市,但他稳健的投资理念和基本分析的原理还是具有理论价值和实践意义的。
  

发布:郭竞觉   
  尘浪兄:
   我对投资理念的理解可总结为如下几点:
   1、现代投资理念是一种合法投资的理念,而不是违法违规的传统投机理念。现代市场经济中的投机(speculation)是这一理念的核心内容,即以承担风险来获取收益,而并非靠非法违规的交易来获取收益。
   2、现代投资理念是一种要求风险升水的风险承担理念,而不是一种无视风险升水的赌博理念。
   3、现代投资理念是一种要求并非常重视风险管理的理念,而不是仅仅关注收益,将风险“置之度外”的理念。
   4、现代投资理念是一种非常讲究科学分析和理性决策的严谨理念,而不是主观臆想、跟风炒作的冒失理念。
  
 
发布:在线网友   
  尘浪兄:
  您在前面文章中主要提到的是科学分析和理性决策问题,因此我想围绕着这些问题再同您进行深入探讨。
  您在前文中提到:“一家中等规模的机构仅仅是负责基本分析的研究人员就有不少,这些人几乎每天都要不停的工作,才能保证公司在做出决策时所依据的基本分析是相对完整的和比较准确的.”“散户在基本分析上是没有丝毫优势的”这些现象确实是实实在在的摆在我们面前,因此我们也应该承认,在这方面我们是弱者。但我们并不能因为我们没有优势而放弃这种最有效的分析方法吧!我想若存在这种思想、理念的人,将在这本就不规范的市场中遭受到最大的风险。
  我们为什么不能花大量的精力去进行基本分析--价值分析呢?为什么不能去“试图找到被人遗忘的金子”、去找那些被机构投资者故意压低的、被市场低估了价值的筹码呢?
  技术分析也是一种实用性较强的分析方法,它记录了市场发展的过程,它使大家了解市场的过去,可它却无法预测市场的未来。它也并不象您所说的那样“由于走势图相对来说对每个人传递的信息都是一样的,不同的是每个人理解水平的高低。所以,从某种意义上说是相对公平的”。因为机构投资者可利用其资金、筹码的优势,做出高、低开、收盘而改变当日的阴、阳线等,进而影响所有的技术指标。因此技术图形,各项技术指标均存在着极大的欺骗性,若我们将技术分析作为投资决策的主要工具运用的话,又将使我们陷入极大的风险之中。
  因此我认为要树立“非常讲究科学分析和理性决策的严谨理念”,将各种分析方法(特别是机构投资者花大量人力、物力研究的基本分析--价值分析)科学的加以运用,为理性的决策提供有力的依据,才能在股市中立于不败之地。
  
发布:cris    
  投资:能够准确预期未来的趋势,并从中获利.
  投机:面对不可之未来的必然选择.
  
  价值分析和技术分析:不过是作为决策的工具.
  
  大家都应该回想一下的是:
  
  你买一只股票的原因是什么?现在,这只股票是否还符合你买时的原因?
  
  中央二台的十年陈股香中的买股票的原因是什么?现在获利那么多的原因又是什么?
  
  巴菲特买股票的原因是什么?现在拿股票的原因是什么?什么情况下应该退出?
  
  糊涂的赚钱就是糊涂的赚钱,别给自己找那么多的借口?
  
发布:李大嘴  
  
  对“投资”与"投机”我以为
  1。“投资”与"投机”都是走向成功的道路。
  2。“投资”与"投机”都是建立在充分的价值分析与价格分析之上的决策。
  打个比方。A股价值10元,每年可创造收益1元。市价10元。
   B股价值10元。每年可创造收益0元。市价9元。
   投资人甲买入A股准备获取每年收益1元是投资
   投资人乙买入 B股准备获取1元的市价差额是投机
   当然如有C股 价值10元,每年可创造收益1元。市价9元。投资人买入C股那是投资+投机.
  3.做一个好的投机者远比做一个好的投资者困难。但收益要大得多。
  4。投机者所做的分析,要多过投资者,且较投资者复杂。
   打个比方。一只老钢笔。价值10元。现在买至12元。投资者一分析,无介入价值,放弃。投机者通过调查发现,这只老钢笔对于特定的两个人来说值200元(是他们的定情之物)是以买下钢笔,再买出获利。
  5。现在的市场上想找股票A,不可能。至多有股票B如郭兄的东方集团。所以不可能有“投资”至多是理性“投机。
  6。技术分析对”投资“投机”都是重要的。特别是没有“投资”的现在。


 一点不成熟的想法:
   现在“投资”者在做价值分析的时候,过于注重对公司本身价值的分析,而乎略了其它。好比ST公司,从企业的角度看他的确是一文不名,但想一下对于没几个上市公司的地方政府,其价值是什么。ST股后面的庄是大家都明白的事实,想一想重组成本与摘牌后的持筹损失对比。他们会做什么样的选择。有时候一些烂公司被炒至让“投资”者无法理解的高价,其实是有些价值还没有被“投资”者发现或者承认。而“投机"者看到了这些。
  
发布:FIRSTZ   
  个人以为这二者并不是冰与火的关系,例如买PT水仙的大户金富国,你当然可以说他是超级的投机者,但是他判断水仙不会摘牌的手段却的确是价值型投资者所惯用的:研究报表、净资产为仅有的正值,到上市公司实地看生产线还在运转、考察定牌生产产品的前景、向公司董秘咨询等等,观察中证报交易所领导的行文口气(首次只会有一家摘牌而不是一批摘牌),应该说准备工作很充分罢,一般的价值型投资者还做不到这番水磨功夫呢,但最后水仙第一个死,之前最可靠的信号就是当时交易所发风险通告,水仙是唯一没封停反跌的PT类个股,因此我们的市场也是很有效率的,而基本面分析对这个效率视而不见是其死穴。你可能敢赌600083,但是600633、600833、600837敢赌吗,那一位兄弟能够用基本面事先分析它不会摘牌,但是上海工行系统在事前就拿了一大把600833,走势也说明一切。可能这是极端案例,但用于其他上市公司也一样,小弟印象最深的就是,被清议先生评为99年重组难度最大、基本无重组价值的三大公司在次年全部被重组如600775、600892、600831,这位先生是世行的会计专家,其基本分析功力在业内应为第一流,并且从不畏权势金钱,因此基本分析是最有效之说万难苟同。说到这里就不能不提最近被学者追捧的摘牌机制,那种以为摘牌净化市场的想法最终是套牢一批散户,就象法国巴黎有红灯区,大老认为有伤国体,一段时间关闭掉,但国民照样寻欢,少的是政府税收,多的是爱滋病发生率,反不如圈起来定期检查几次,以为关掉就没事无异于掩耳盗铃,摘牌机制将使今年的T类成为主要风景之一。

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 19:58

k线模式判断的因素

k线模式判断的因素



在即日操盘中,k线是一个怎样的模式是指导做盘的一个重要的预测方法,那么其开盘价,最高价,最低价,收盘价,当天均价与收盘价的价差是必须弄明白的,也为是否持仓提供一个依据和理由。所以全面考察当天k线的形成还是非常有意义的,作为一种尝试,当你对行情因素考虑得越多,或许你就越明白期货价格走势到底是怎样一回事情。就可以针对不同的k线形态做出不同的操盘方法。不至于盲目去追涨杀跌。 

一,k线模式形成大体所处的形态中的位置  
   1,期货价格最近形态中的位置,即上涨中,下跌中,还是回调中,还是在反弹中;  
   2,外盘引领做出判断;  
   3,重要整数价位关口;  
   4,习惯的价位位置;  
    二,判断开盘价的一般依据:  
   1,外盘涨跌的幅度空间;  
   2,国内品种多空人气转换;  
   3,整数关口的压力或支撑;  
   4,均线系统中的重要压力和支撑位;  
   5,电子盘的引领;  
   6,庄家习惯的技术点位;  
    三,最高价的判断 
       在下跌趋势里,调整的行情里去找,而在上升或反弹过程中忌讳的。  
   1,外盘涨跌的幅度,  
   2,可能就是开盘价;  
   3,均线的压力线价位;  
   4,形态中的高点。(可能是反转卖出的好点位)  
    四,最低价的判断  
      在上升趋势里,反弹行情里找,而在下跌或调整行情中别去自作聪明。  
   1,外盘涨跌幅度;  
   2,多空人气值;  
   3,均线的支撑价位,  
   4,整数关口的支撑;  
   5,形态中的低点(可能是做多的反转价位)     
   6,开盘价;  
    五,收盘价的判断  
   1,当天分时均线价;  
   2,电子盘引领的涨跌幅价;  
   3,人气带动;  
   4,关口或习惯价位;  
    六,动能态势的判别  
   1,上涨趋势里,外盘低开少追空;以买为主,外盘高开,或少量追多,或回调后买进为主;     
   2,下跌趋势里,外盘高开少追多。以卖为主,外盘低开,或少量追空,或反弹后再卖出为主;     
   3,一而再,再而三,三而竭!不管三天的涨,或三天的回调,不管三天的跌,或三天的反弹后,在基本面没有根本的改变前,小心翼翼多点反向思维!  
   4,在下跌的趋势或调整中,当天如果期价在下跌的幅度空间里刚好探到整数关口或重要的10日、20日均线,则关口和均线价位会成为暂时的支撑价位,此时是反弹买入的好点位;后几天一旦某一天开盘跳空向下突破该整数关口或均线,则关口和均线价位就会变成阻力价位,是做空的好点位。  
   5,在上涨的趋势或反弹中,当天如果期价在上的幅度空间里刚好探到整数关口或重要的10日、20日均线,则关口和均线价位会成为暂时的阻力价位,此时是回落卖出的好点位;后几天一旦某一天开盘跳空向上突破该整数关口或均线,则关口和均线价位就会变成支撑价位,是做多的好点位。

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 19:58

2個簡單觀念,均線使用更得心應手

2個簡單觀念,均線使用更得心應手

SMART致富月刊2004年4月68期第218、219頁

檔名: 徹底高手篇-林威廉
大標: 跟避險基金操盤手,學習均線使用祕訣
副標:2個簡單觀念,均線使用更得心應手
◎ 文:William W.Y Lin ◎整理:周偉康

前言:

對國際避險基金專業交易員來說,均線交易系統不僅是基礎訓練時的入門工具,更是日後做交易決策時,最重要的參考依據之一。我們特別邀請美國避險基金公司Wilson & Mckay國際金融交易執行長William W.Y Lin,就其多年國際金融商品實戰經歷,與大家分享其均線使用的觀念與心得。

Box:William W.Y Lin ( 林威廉) 小檔案
1995年在美國著名投資機構培訓中心以操作績效第一名成為國際金融二級交易員,並於1998年通過檢定,成為該公司第一位華人「Top Trader(頂尖交易員)」。2001年加入美國Wilson & Mckay 資本管理公司,擔任國際金融交易執行長。目前在台灣成立Wilson & Mckay顧問公司,執行「Top Trader」的人才培訓計劃。

內文:

投資散戶熱衷追求「神奇指標」,希望能找到名師,學會一、兩項特殊指標,就能在股市中大有斬獲,這種現象不論中外都普遍存著。可惜繳了不少學費,所學到的工具,卻只能適用於部份情況。事實上盤勢千變萬化,以固定的一招半式進行操作,一旦碰到指標本身的盲點,風險難以評估,最後成為輸家其實是在所難免的。
事實上,我在美國接受專業交易員訓練時,均線交易系統就是最主要的學習重心。一直到現在,它還是我目前做投資決策的重要依據。只是一般投資人對均線的使用,只重視其表面功能,而忽略許多細緻的內涵,因而忽視均線,更不願意花時間仔細研究它。

小標:活用均線,需先具備2大觀念
要更深入的了解均線系統,我們必須先有兩個基本概念 ﹕

1、趨勢的形成,需要有連續性:
趨勢的行進方向,未來能否延續?我們可從代表趨勢的重要均線,未來可能走揚、走平甚至下滑來判斷。如果原本已走平的均線,因一根K線大漲影響而有開始上升的現象,我們能就此認為多頭行情即將啟動嗎?答案是不一定,通常需要連續3根以上的K線收盤價愈來愈高,均線走揚的可能性,才算得到較充份的支持。
進一步的運用是,既然均線可做為趨勢判斷的指南針,以及買賣訊號的發信機,而均線又是透過K線收盤價計算得來。我們當然可以透過目前K線的狀態與位置,提前預測長、短期重要均線可能的行進軌跡,是否有出現訊號的可能性。此外,均線的趨勢形成後,就可以推估行進的斜率、速度及未來可能的上漲空間。並進而預先擬好對策,一旦實際狀況如我們所預期,自然能按計畫掌握到比較理想的買賣點。

2、價格行進過程遭遇關卡時,所可能產生的律動:
例如多頭行情上漲過程中,並非一路走揚毫無阻礙,難免會遇到一些阻力或關卡。好比6484是前波高點及十年均線的壓力,7000點重要整數關卡等。要判斷能否順利過關,或是碰到關卡拉回的幅度將多少、整理時間要多久?打底的時間夠了沒?從長、短期各種均線的個別現象以及整體型態,可以找出不少線索。
譬如要克服年均線的關卡,可能需要3個月以上的盤整期積蓄動能;季均線級的關卡,可能只要1個月整理即可克服;月均線的關卡能否攻上,約觀察7根K線的狀況即能概略研判出。這就是均線與K線行進間,所形成的律動關係。
我們可以利用上述均線系統的兩大優點,發展出個人獨特的「交易戰略與戰術」與「倉位與風險管理」策略。這也正是我們(Wilson&Mckay)公司要求初級專業交易員,在受訓結束前,必需利用均線系統,分別針對波段行情與盤整行情,建構趨勢行進交易系統(TFTS) 及 律動模式交易系統(RMTS)的主要依據。

實際範例:
去年11月21日加權指數的日K線,開盤點數5787、收盤點數5830,雖然是一根紅棒,但卻是去年波段行情展開後,首次出現K棒跌破季均線的情形。是否意味著季均線即將失守,多頭行情結束?答案是要先觀察連續性。
小標:連續性不明,盤勢陷入整理
結果11月25日再度站上季均線,下跌連續性被破壞,但又要開始上漲了嗎?從11月27日大跌再度跌破季均線的黑棒來看,繼續上漲的情形再度推翻。可是再觀察11月28日及12月1日,依舊未出現下跌的連續性。不過,季均線雖上揚,但斜率下滑,可推斷將陷入波段行情途中的盤整盤。

小標:整理時間約1/3~1/2
日K線以季均線為中心陷入盤整,整理時間多長才夠?通常約是該條均線參數的1/3~1/2的K線,例如季均線的參數為65,大約需22~33根左右的日K線整理時間才夠。事後證明自去年11月21日至今年1月2日的長紅K線突破盤整區,一共30根日K線。所以當1月2日的長紅棒出現時,是可預判將是波段攻勢再起的訊號,先以部份資金買進持股。
小標:攻擊訊號,仍需連續性確認
1月2日的長紅棒,因為整理時間足夠,所以被視為可能性很高的波段起漲訊號,但這仍需要連續性的確認。結果1月5日至1月8日的日K線低點愈墊愈高,連續性未被破壞,波段行情格局確立,可以依策略分批加碼。

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 19:59

Fibonacci arcs & retracements

Fibonacci arcs & retracements
Fibonacci arcs & retracements help anticipate support and resistance levels along with price targets. Overview
After making long sustained moves in one direction, many markets retrace a part of the move before continuing on further. The Fibonacci indicator, popularized by Ralph Nelson Elliot, is used to try and forecast potential support levels and price targets, based on the height of the overall move and any wave patterns.
For example, if a stock increased from $5 to $10 and then slipped back 50%, this retracement would take it to $7.50 before it continued upwards again.
This indicator uses mathematical ratios discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci's in the 12th century. The Fibonacci summation series is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144... and so on to infinity. Interestingly, these numbers have the following constant relationships:
The sum of any two consecutive numbers equals the next higher number.
The ratio between any number and the next higher number approaches 0.618 after the first four calculations.
The ratio between any number and the next lower number is approximately 1.618 (the inverse of 0.618).
The number 1.618 is commonly referred to as the Golden Mean or the Golden Section. The real value of this number series is that it is "the most important mathematical presentation of natural phenomena ever discovered" (R. Fischer). It keeps popping up in everything from the proportions of the Egyptian pyramids... the number of florets in flower heads... the double helix of the DNA molecule... to the logarithmic spiral of the nautilus shell.
(The well-known Elliot Wave Principle is also based on the application of Fibonacci numbers to the waves evident in any price chart.)
Interpretation
The most commonly used numbers in this analysis are 61.8% (usually rounded off to 62%), 38% and 50%. This means that, in a strong trend, the minimum retracement is usually close to the 38% level and may go as far as the 62% level.
Constance Brown, a well known technical analyst, has written, "If the market has shown respect in the past to a Fibonacci grid drawn on the chart, the chances are much higher that it will also respect those levels in the future market action."
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/1/17/3/leson1234,2007011745326.gif
Fibonacci Retracements

Fibonacci Retracements are based on a trendline drawn between a significant trough and peak. If the trend is rising, the retracement lines will descend from 100% to 0% If the trendline is falling, the retracement lines will ascend from 0% to 100% Horizontal lines are drawn at the common Fibonacci levels of 38%, 50%, & 62%
As the price retraces, support and resistance often occur at or near the Fibonacci Retracement levels.

Fibonacci Arcs
Fibonacci arcs can be added to the same chart, or they can be charted alone. The arcs are drawn centered on the last peak or trough, crossing the original trendline at the points where the retracement lines intersect. The price will tend to "react" to both the arcs and the retracement levels, as they provide support and resistance.
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/1/17/3/leson1234,2007011745337.gif
Price Targets
More advanced studies can also be undertaken, based on the Fibonacci numbers, to develop price targets. One such approach is to add a second copy of the original Fibonacci grid above or below the first (depending on which way the market is trending). This will give you potential price targets based on adding a new set of 38%, 50% and 62% lines.
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/1/17/3/leson1234,2007011745354.gif
If you would like to read more about Fibonacci price projections see Constance Brown's book, Technical Analysis for the Trading Professional and Joe DiNapoli's Trading with DiNapoli Levels.
Further Information
Also see the Elliot Wave Theory. Much more advanced studies are available when the Fibonacci numbers are combined with the Elliot Wave count.

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:00

Understanding Point & Figure Charts

Point & Figure charts consist of columns of X's and O's that represent filtered price movements over time. Their distinctive look may be alien at first to people who are more familiar with traditional price bar charts but once people learn the basics of P&F charts they usually become hooked.

There are several advantages to using P&F charts instead of the more traditional bar or candlestick charts. P&F charts automatically
Eliminate the insignificant price movements that often make bar charts appear 'noisy,'

Remove the often misleading effects of time from the analysis process,

Make recognizing support/resistance levels much easier,

Make trend line recognition a 'no-brainer',

[*]Help you stay focused on the important long-term price developments,After briefly discussing the history of P&F charting, we'll talk about how to construct a P&F chart by hand. Then we'll discuss how to interpret the most common P&F chart formations.

HistoryPoint & Figure chart analysis has been popular for a very long time. Part of its original appeal was that it was very simple for someone to maintain a large collection of P&F charts back in the days before computers. In less than an hour, using just a pencil, a newspaper and some graph paper, P&F chartists were able to update and analyze 50 or more charts every day. When computers arrived, they made it much easier to create bar charts and P&F charts started to fade in popularity. Recently however, as investors look for better ways to select stocks, Point & Figure charting has been 'rediscovered' and is once again growing in popularity.
This classic paper and pencil-based method was largely put aside as technology made charting easier, and charts became flashier. Now StockCharts.com has reintroduced the Point & Figure chart, adding a dynamic interface that gives you control of the variables.

Creating a P&F ChartOn a P&F chart price movements are combined into either a rising column of X's or a falling column of O's. If you are familiar with standard chart analysis, you can think of each column as representing either an uptrend or a downtrend. Each X or O occupies what is called a box on the chart. Each chart has a setting called the Box Size that is the amount that a stock needs to move above the top of the current column of X's (or below the bottom of the current column of O's) before another X (or O) is added to that column. Each chart has a second setting called the Reversal Amount that determines the amount that a stock needs to move in the opposite direction (down if we are in a rising column of X's, up for a column of O's) before a reversal occurs. Whenever this reversal threshold is crossed, a new column is started right next to the previous one, only moving in the opposite direction.
It sounds much more complex than it is, trust me!
In a nutshell, as long as a stock is in an uptrend and it doesn't move down more than the 'reversal distance' (i.e., the box size multiplied by the reversal amount), the P&F chart will show a growing column of X's. Similarly, a stock in a downtrend will cause a descending column of O's to appear. Only when the stock changes direction by more than the reversal distance will a new column be added to the chart.
Traditionally, the box size is set to 1 and the reversal amount is 3 (however, see below for the gory details).
It is important to remember that a P&F Box does not represent a single value. Instead, it represents a range of values that is equal to the box size. The number on the vertical axis represents the value of the "floor" of the box. The "ceiling" of the box is equal to the floor + the box size. If prices move anywhere inside that range of values, the box is filled in with an "X" or and "O" (keep reading for details).

Constructing a P&F Chart by HandThe best way to really understand P&F charts is to create one by hand. All you need is a grid (graph paper is perfect), a pencil, and stock quotes. Only high and low prices are charted - the open and close are ignored. Here are the numbers we'll use for this example: HighLowDay 11511Day 21211Day 31210Day 41511Day 51512Key Points Before We Start:
Remember, X's represent increasing prices (AKA demand). O's represent decreasing prices (AKA supply).

You can only have X's or Os in any one column, not both.

[*]The reversal distance is equal to the box size (in this case, one) multiplied by the reversal amount (in this case, three). Therefore, for this example, the reversal distance is three.Day 1: High-15 Low-11
To begin, chart the difference between the first day's high and low. Since prices are falling, we'll start with a column of Os. 15O14O13O12O11O10Day 2: High-12 Low-11
Now watch look for one of two things to happen. First, if the low moves lower by at least the box amount (in this case, one) we mark another O in the same column. Since that didn't happen on Day 2, look to see if the high is higher than the bottom of the current column plus the reversal distance (11+3=14). That didn't happen either. So for Day 2, we do nothing(!). 15O14O13O12O11O10Note: Doing nothing is a totally acceptable (and common) action to take for a P&F chart.
Day 3: High-12 Low-10
Again, we look to see if the low moves lower by at least the box amount. It does. So we add another O to the column. (If the low had moved down two points, we would mark two O's.) 15O14O13O12O11O10ODay 4: High-15 Low-11
Since we're still in a column of O's, we check the low first. It does not move past the previous low, so we do not add another O. Then we see if the high was greater than or equal to the bottom of the column plus the reversal distance (i.e., 10+3=13). Since the high was 15, that means that the chart did reverse and we add five X's starting one above the low of the previous column. 15OX14OX13OX12OX11OX10ODay 5: High-15 Low-12
Now we're in a column of X's, so we check the high first. It did not move up by a full box, so we next check the low. Since the low has moved down to the reversal threshold (i.e., the top of the column minus the reversal distance (15-3=12)), we reverse one more time and add three O's to the next column. 15OX14OXO13OXO12OXO11OX10OOver time, our chart might look something like this: 201918XX17XXOXO16XOXOXO15OXXOXOXOX14OXOXOOXOXOX13OXOXOOXOXO12OXOOXOXO11OXOOO10OIs it important to remember that P&F charts do not show time in a linear fashion. Each column can represent one day, or many days, depending on the price movement. Because P&F charts filter out the noise associated with more traditional charting methods, every mark on the chart is significant.

Simple P&F Chart PatternsAt the most basic level, there are four things to look for:
Support levels

Resistance levels

Upward trend lines

[*]Downward trend linesSupport and resistance are defined in more detail in our glossary. Because of the nature of P&F charts, support and resistance levels are always horizontal lines and trend lines always appear at 45° angles.
Support Levels
Support levels indicate the price at which most investors feel that prices will move higher. There is sufficient demand for a stock to cause a halt in an downward trend and turn the trend up. You can spot support levels on P&F charts by looking for a horizontal row of Os that each mark the bottom of their respective columns.
201918XX17XXOXO16XOXOXO15OXXOXOXOX14OXOXOOXOXO13OXOXOOXOXO12OXOOXOXO11OXOOO10O+++++Support LevelWhen a support level is penetrated (the price drops below the support level) it often becomes a resistance level; this is because investors want to limit their losses and will sell later, when prices approach the former level.
Resistance Levels
Like support levels, resistance levels are horizontal lines on P&F charts. They mark the upper level for trading, or a price at which sellers typically outnumber buyers. Find them by looking for a row of X's. 2019+++++++Resistance level18XX17XXOXO16XOXOXO15OXXOXOXOX14OXOXOOXOXO13OXOXOOXOXO12OXOOXOXO11OXOOO10OWhen resistance levels are broken, the price moves above the resistance level, and often does so decisively.
Upward Trend Lines
To plot an upward, or support, trend line, first put a + under the first column of Os. 201918XX17XXOXO16XOXOXO15OXXOXOXOX14OXOXOOXOXOX13OXOXOOXOXO12OXOOXOXO11OXOOO10O+Then move over one box and up one box and draw another +. Repeat this until you hit another column of Os followed by a row of X's which does not continue the pattern. 201918XX17XXOXO16XOXOXO15OXXOXOXOX14OXOXO+OXOXOX13OXOX+OOXOXO12OXO+OXOXO11OX+OOO10O++Upward Trend LineThe upward trend line indicates the point where buyers start to outnumber sellers.
Downward Trend Lines
Now our stock has turned a corner. Let's look for a downward trend line. Start at a wall of X's, and use the same plotting technique as before, but at a downward angle. Remember, trend lines always appear at a 45° angle. 2019+18XX+Downward Trend Line17XXOXO+16XOXOXO+15OXXOXOXOX+14OXOXOOXOXO+13OXOXOOXOXO12OXOOXOXO11OXOOO10OConfirmation
Both support levels and resistance levels should be confirmed by volume. If volume increases after a breakout, most people agree with the new direction.

StockCharts.com's P&F ChartsStockCharts.com provide three different kinds of P&F Charting tools: Graphical, Text, and Dynamic. Graphical charts look the best and can be saved in Favorite Chart lists. Text charts are very traditional looking and work well over slow Internet connections. Finally, our Dynamic P&F charts let you interactively set the start and end dates to see how a P&F chart evolves over time.
All of our P&F charts let you select traditional, percentage, or user-defined box scaling.

[*]Traditional box scaling preloads box sizes historically used for that particular price range. The reversal amount starts at 2, but can be adjusted dynamically. Here are the traditional box sizes used in our charts:Price RangeBox SizeUnder $0.25.0625.26 to 1.00.1251.01 to 5.00.255.01 to 20.00.5020.01 to 100.001.00100.01 to 200.002.00200.01 to 500.004.00500.01 to 1,000.005.001,000.01 to 25,000.0050.0025,000.01 and up500.00
Percentage box scaling increases the box size by a constant percentage (1%) every time the price rises above the current box.

[*]User-defined box scaling allows you to control both the box size and the reversal amount. Making either variable larger filters out more data. The challenge, then, is to find a balance that shows enough detail without showing too much. For beginners, switching between the three modes will help you get a feel for how the variables affect the chart's appearance.Remember, P&F charts do not show time linearly, so the spacing between months, for example, will not be the same from month to month. Numbers and letters inside the chart itself indicate when a new month has begun. For instance, the number '2' shows where February started. The letters 'A', 'B', and 'C' are used to indicate October, November, and December.

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:01

K線分布範圍的伸縮性質

K線分布範圍的伸縮性質

市面上有許多研究K線結構理論的書,歸納起來有一個不可忽視的重點,就是K線的「重疊區」和「非重疊區」之間的分布法則。這些「重疊」和「非重疊」的K線分布,造成了行情版圖的收斂和延伸。瞭解這些基本的K線觀念,對於預測行情的趨勢和幅度很有幫助。

讓我們以18天和54天的週期來觀察K線群組的結構。每根K線的振幅就是最高價和最低價之間的價差,這個「價差振幅」大部分都會落在某個平均振幅之內。比方說,最近每天振幅平均都在60~90點之間,異常大的振幅為130~190點,異常小的振幅為30~40點。實際應用上,我們可以根據平均振幅預測每天高低價格。例如,今天開盤6500,而最近的每日平均振幅是70點,則我們可以預測今天的高低價範圍大約在6570和6430之間;異常大的價差範圍就是6650~6350;異常小的價差範圍就是6540~6460。然後繼續觀察當天價位分布所產生的嶄新平均值,再把這個嶄新的「觀察平均值」加減過去的「平均振幅」,或異常大小振幅,就可以不斷地「即時修正」當天預測的價位分布範圍。

既然個別K線的振幅分布,可以用來預測未來價位將分布在某個平均值範圍之內,那麼把18天和54天K線的振幅加起來的總長度,應該也是分布在某個「平均範圍的總值」。但是,實際上從市場觀察的18天或54天總振幅,卻不會等於這個「平均範圍的總值」,原因就是,K線之間的排列出現了「重疊」或「非重疊」現象,使得平均總振幅值,因為K線的重疊而收斂,或者因為K線的「跳空」而延伸。換句話說,任意取樣N個K線把它們的長度加總起來,跟實際上N天價位分布範圍的總值做比較,就能夠了解:若實際價位分布延伸,則比較偏向於有趨勢行情,若實際價位分布收斂,則比較偏向於盤整行情。由此觀之,「重疊」與「非重疊」的現象,關係著行情的未來發展。就巨觀結構而言,K線是否彼此重疊,以及這些「重疊區間」佔「非重疊區間」的比例,是一項很重要的觀察重點。

就微觀結構而言,K線的最高價和最低價就是轉折點。換言之,K線的振福就是高低轉折點的距離。K線「重疊的部分」表示高低轉折點之間的距離拉近,「非重疊的部分」表示轉折點之間的距離拉遠。轉折點距離的遠近,清楚地表達了轉折點出現的頻率:轉折點的距離拉近,表示轉折出現的頻率升高,結構上看起來應該屬於盤整型態;轉折點距離拉遠,表示轉折出現頻率降低,應該屬於有趨勢的結構。此外,我們發現,K線重疊的部份將發展成為未來價位分布的對稱中心;因為重疊區間會隨著時間消逝而逐漸收斂,猶如其中有一股力量將價位往重疊中心收斂,所以可以稱呼重疊區間的中心為「吸子」(attractor)。換另一個觀點言之,這個「吸子」造成價位的重疊,收斂了價位分布的範圍,使得行情呈現盤整狀態。最重要的是,重疊區間的「吸子」可以變成整個盤整區間的對稱中心,使得價位分布往這個對稱中心收斂。

非重疊區間就是趨勢的延伸。價位脫離重疊區間往非重疊區間滲透,造成行情的不穩定,也因而出現了趨勢。然而換一個角度來看,行情的延伸只是為了尋找一個新的分布範圍,顯而易見地,新舊分布範圍之間一定有價差存在,也就是說,在新舊對稱中心之間,發生了漂流(drift)現象,而使得其間的價差產生移動(shift)。這種價差移動現象就是趨勢的延伸。通常趨勢的延伸都會從「跳空」或K線的「重疊比例降低」之現象所引發。產生這種趨勢延伸現象的區間,其中似乎有一股力量把價位往「非重疊區間」排斥,所以可以稱呼這個「非重疊區間」所存在著的推擠力量為「排子」(repeler)。

更有趣的現象就是,「排子」本身將發展成為未來價位分布範圍的「對稱中心」。也就是說,在K線出現「跳空」或「脫離重疊區間」之後,嶄新出現的K線,將陸續以「排子」為中心,而逐漸形成一個新的分布範圍。換句話說,「未來新的價位分布範圍」很有可能就是,對於「原先價位分布範圍」的某種比例伸縮而已。所以說,深入了解K線分布範圍的「伸縮性質」,以及「吸子」和「排子」對於K線分布所造成的伸縮功能,將有助於提升預測未來「趨勢」和「振幅」的能力。

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:02

轉載 談"技術分析"

轉載 談"技術分析"


做過歐美許多市場很多年了,這3年來專注於台股操作,才知道台灣是全世界最難做的市場.為什麼呢?台灣就連一般的歐八桑都能理解MACD,RSI…的用法.歐八桑解盤的功力實在不輸給國外的基金經理人.外資在台灣都賺錢嗎?不盡然!如果以波段的基本面做基礎,外資在乎的是部位管理和風險,地板可能是外資殺出來的,天花板也是他們買上去的.他們在乎的是長期投資的概念.全世界也找不到這麼多”老師”在電視台上傳教,而且從來不曾輸過錢.若論短期時點分析,外資的功力顯然差散戶一截.全天下最可敬的散戶就在台灣,一點也沒錯.
技術分析者堅信市場透漏著潘朵拉的秘密.沒錯!雖然很熟悉基本面的做法,但是技術分析才是我最驕傲的領域.想起85年起,我就訓練業內朋友一系列技術分析的課程,到現在,我的技術分析還是缺一塊.基於圖形總是往右走的真理,我最大的缺陷就是圖形右邊那一塊.現在要下定義了:技術分析的要義就是找出右邊那一塊,然後驗證,交易,把它變成錢,放在口袋裡,把圖形變成存摺數字增大(最大的重點).
技術分析的種類很多很多,有時也讓我很困惑,一般來講,有歐美常用的技術分析包含波浪,指標,型態,機率,X氏,道氏,甘氏,很多氏理論…還有養兔子發明的數週期的理論..等等,日本的陰陽線,酒田戰法,中國易經八卦紫微…各家玄學奧義等等,近來流行的渾沌理論,Fuzzy理論,類神經網路,….等等等等等等等等…這些東西是我一頭栽下去,至今尚未爬起的最愛.我在這方面算是鑽研很深,只剩下一個問題沒有解決,這問題就是”圖形不斷地往右走,數字不斷的跳動,我現在到底該買還是該賣??????”
千萬不要以為我在講笑話,因為我現在很認真的在談真理與哲學.技術分析能賺到錢嗎?答案是:能!而且絕對能!但是一般人賺不到錢!為什麼呢?因為技術分析懂得不多嗎?錯!是因為對技術分析懂太多卻體認不足!舉例而言,當遵循一些法則,而這些法則彼此有衝突時,怎麼處理?懂十種技術分析,是不是覺得要買,就選其中三種來驗證支持自己的觀點呢?還是要等十種都符合了才進場呢?不過這樣都符合了,保證買在最高點,賣在最低點.技術分析在乎的是邏輯與其中的結構,儘管歷史可能重演,但是決對不甚相似,應該有中心的主軸思想.比如說:把均線與MACD,或RSI與KD擺在一起,那就錯了,因為他們的內涵是一樣的.理解真正內含才是最重要的主軸價值.
什麼叫做’懂’?自己說的不算,能交會別人,或寫書給人看才叫懂.舉例而言,像阿民兄能把劍招練到如此地步,分門別類,巨細靡遺,我認為他已經成功了,因為當市場出招時他已經知道怎麼應對了.舉例來說,1根大紅線在低檔,在高檔意義是不一樣的,紅線內走的軌跡不一樣,也有天壤之別.所以技術分析是如果理解並專精一種思維邏輯,有紀律並且有效率的執行,那就發財了!為何要提到”懂”呢?因為我們技術分析常常只是在”解釋”圖形左側.而忽略重點在右側.我所期待的好東西是不可以有太多特例.如果我”懂”.那我一定能解釋給電腦知道.讓電腦做偵測與風控.不要以為這是簡單的問題.舉例而言:如果你能明確”量化”告訴我什麼叫”盤整”什麼叫”趨勢”那小弟會心悅誠服磕3個響頭拜你為師.我們常常連最基礎的都定義不出來.不是嗎?
這幾年來一直沉醉於程式交易,也探討一些財務工程的問題,雖然得了滑鼠手,還是樂此不疲,3年前很幸運的掌控一筆很大的資金,雖然現在不做了(因為做自己的比較好玩),寫了很多的程式.重新審視最簡單的均線開始做電腦模擬.一直到比較深的決策系統.但是也因為這樣對於技術分析的視野與概念有所改變.原來以往我們的技術分析有太多的邏輯謬誤.接下來所說的,希望給大家一點另類的思維及一般常犯的錯誤.
宏觀與微觀的差異:同樣的東西放在周線日線與分時走勢用法是不一樣的.舉最簡單的例子.均線在周期長短的概念是不一樣的.許多東西不是看圖說故事.哪一種好.而是取決於你要什麼樣的交易.達到什麼樣的結果.如此選定不一樣的技術分析組合.
時間不連續性的問題.每天交易不到五小時.在技術分析裡造成不連續性的衝擊.如何克服這種短線上巨大的蝴蝶效應.在非連續性市場應該有更多的過濾模型來控制風險(市場準備好了沒有)
標的特性的問題.並不是一種技術分析都適用不同標的物.舉例而言.台股與日經屬淺盤市場.與S&P是截然不同的.日圓與歐元也是如此.就如同股票有自己股性一般.整體來講有共通性的部分.如量價關係…但是指標類或交易模式都有所不同.比如長期來講.個股價格是下降模式(除權及產業生命週期)大盤則是上升模式(整體資產膨脹)對波浪理論的用法似乎就有前提性的不同.股票量價關係卻不適用在期貨上.更明確的說以OI未平倉合約量適用在S&P卻不適用在台股.其中有著許多差別的.
人類線性思維.太多的If-Then模式.舉例而言:”如果”這裡突破”則”會到這裡.”如果”這裡有支撐”則”會反彈上看這裡.基本上以操作的實務面來說.這種做法是對的.畢竟代表如何處理的紀律.邊走邊看的交易模式.不過如果能多一點輔助工具和更宏觀的概念就會有所提升.舉例而言.常看到許多朋友在走勢圖上畫了密密麻麻的線.那就可以知道他是市場送錢天使.應該多尊敬他一下.If-Then的想法是對的.多迴圈的If-Then就有問題.應該重新審是自己技術分析的邏輯性和順序.以免迷失在If-Then的迴圈中…..哇!!!!天啊!!!!已經超過兩小時的廢話了….其實還有很多啦…不過寫這篇只是讓各位理解只要熟悉自己的交易風格.選對適合自己的技術分析.交易適合自己且熟悉的市場和股票.建立自己交易邏輯.注意自己風險.而且不斷的創新技術和思維.那市場就會捧著錢等你.就像我近40歲的學長說的:不管任何時候.街角都有25歲的美女可能在等他一樣…何時何地都充滿機會.
“如果”覺得小弟的想法有誤.”那就”堅持自己的概念(又是If-then).也希望給點意見.小弟患有滑鼠手的腕關節和指關節炎.而且更不幸的是男人的右手和挖鼻孔的食指.所以就寫這些了…見笑見笑…

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:02

奇文欣赏:云图是怎样形成的?――ICHIMOKU云图心法篇

奇文欣赏:云图是怎样形成的?――ICHIMOKU云图心法篇(前线)


提示:
可将上升云图颜色调为金色,意谓,金云,景云,蒸云,云蒸霞蔚;下降云图调为深海蓝色,意谓积雨云,乌云,黑云……而且先行线之间用虚线......以加深对本文的理解,这在MT图表上很容易。

引子:

能驱散这个恐怖、这心灵中的黑暗的,
不是初升太阳眩目的光芒,
也不是早晨闪亮的箭头,
而是自然的面貌和规律。

正文:

(期途险恶,
汇海浪高,
冲浪的朋友,
有时候,忧虑
笼罩着你的眉头:
该进场你不敢进场;
恐惧占据了你的心灵:
该勇敢持有你却愤然割肉……

然而,请听听,
一个千古传来的声音:)

能驱散这个恐怖、这心灵中的黑暗的,
不是初升太阳眩目的光芒,
也不是早晨闪亮的箭头,
而是自然的面貌和规律。

(这千古的声音
震撼着大地。

日月经天,
江河行地,
春生、夏长、秋熟、冬藏......
大自然蕴藏着种种天机……)

这个教导我们的规律乃开始于:
未有任何事物从无中生出。
[甲、一般原理。第一个规律无物能由无中生]
恐惧所以能统治亿万众生,
只是因为人们看见大地宇寰
有无数他们不懂其原因的现象,
因此以为有神灵操纵其间。
而当一朝我们知道无中不能生有,
我们就将更清楚看到我们寻求的:
那些由之万物才被创造的原素,
以及万物之成如何是未借神助。

假如一切都可以从无中生出,
[证明:一切东西部需要一定的种子]

(生命本身即埋藏着死亡的种子,
上升势中即埋藏下跌的种子,
下跌势中即埋藏上升的种子)

则任何东西就能从任何东西产生,
而不需要一定的种子。
人能从大海升起,鱼类从陆地出来,
羽毛丰盛的鸟禽从天空骤然爆出,
牛羊牲畜,以及一切的猛兽,
就会漫山遍野到处都是;
同样的果子也不会老守住它的老树,
而是那一种果子都能从任何枝干
随便地换来换去长出来。真的,
[因为:1.它们有一定的实体;]
如果每种东西不是自有产生它的物体,
事物怎能够每样都有它不变的老母亲?
但是,既然一切都从一定的种子产生,
所以每样被产生而来到这个光之岸的东西,
其来源乃是这一东西自己的质料,
自己的原初物体所寄托的东西。
不是随便什么都能从随便什么生成,
因为每样东西都有自己的独有的力。

再者,为什么我们会看见大地上
春天洒满玫瑰,夏天布满谷穗,
而当秋天发出魅力时葡萄就成熟累累,
如果不是因为万物的一定的种子
在它们自己的节季必会涌集一起,
如果不是因为新的创造
只有显露在适当的时刻已到、
而怀孕的大地能够把它脆弱的幼类
安全地送上这个灿烂的世界的时候?
但如果它们能够从无中生成,
它们就会在反常的节季,
不可预见地骤然跳到世界上来,
既然没有原初种子被自然扣留住
不去在不利的时刻为产育而交合。

如果生命是从无中长出来的,
那么生命的种子的结集也就
不需要一定时间来使事物长成:
小小的婴儿立刻会象成人一样行走,
从土地里会跳出一棵枝桠茂盛的大树——
这种闻所未闻的奇迹;但自然的律令是:
每样东西都从自己合法的种子缓缓长大,
借长大而延续它自己的种类。
从这里你就可以证实:
万物是从自己的物质长大并取得营养。
这也就是为什么大地

如果没有她固定的雨季,
就不会产生出那些使我们欢悦的东西,
而不论什么生物,如果得不到食物,
就再不会延续其种族而保全其生命。
因此,认为许多东西有共同的原始物体,
(象单个的字母是许多的字所共有),
比起认为有些东西没有根源而能存在,
我们看到在道理上是更说得过去。
再者,为什么自然不能制备

躯体巨大而能涉渡大海、
或者以双手就能撕开山岭、
或者活万岁而征服时间的人物?
如果不是因为一切有生的东西
都有它的永久不变的原料,
从这原料能生出来的永远是有定?

最后,我们看见耕耘的土地
如何胜过那些未耕的荒地,
前者如何在双手的劳动底下
以它们更丰盛的果实报答我们;
在大地里面确实有许多东西的始基,
当犁头翻起肥沃的泥土筑起田畦的时候,
我们就促使这些东西生长出来。

如果不是这么样,那你就会看见:
许多东西无须我们的辛劳
就会自动地生成,并且形状更美。
所以应该承认无物能从无中生,
既然一切都必须有自己的种子,
从种子生长出来,生长到微风里。

[第二个规律:无物能归于无。
否则1.一切东西都会立刻毁灭;]
此外,自然也把一切东西
再分解为它们的原初物体,
没有什么东西曾彻底毁灭消失。
因为任何东西如果是每部分皆不免于死,
它就会从我们眼前被骤然抢去而毁灭,
既然不需要什么力量来分开
它的诸部分,把它的结带松解。
但是事实上因为所有的东西
都是带着不朽的种子存在着,
所以自然不容许任何东西灭亡或崩溃,
除非一种外力用打击来把它粉碎,
或一种内力进入它空虚的小隙将它肢解。

再者,如果“时间”,
那用岁月破坏世上一切的作业者,
是将全部消灭,将物质整个耗尽,
那么从何处维娜丝还能使许多世代的生物,
各如其类地复活到生命的亮光中来?
而当它们复活之后,巧妙的大地又怎能
以她古老的食物充实而养育它们——
按照物类的不同,各各给以适当的食品?
而大海底下的水泉,
或自远方奔流而来的内陆河流,
又怎能使深不可测的大洋永远水满?
以太又能从哪里取得东西来养育星辰?
因为已逝的岁月和无限的年代
一定早已把一切有死物类的形骸吃光:
但如果是“远古”已有那些种子
所有这些物类皆从它们吸取生命,
那些种子无疑地是永不会死,
也没有什么东西会归于乌有。
并且同样的力量会同样毁坏所有的东西,

如果它们不是由永恒的物质所维系,
各部分都被束缚着,或松,或紧。
轻轻的一触会足以招致毁灭。
因为最微小的力量会使物的组织松懈,
如果在物里面没有半点不朽的东西。

是以不同的方式连结起来的。
而质料又是永存的,因此,
物就能保持自己安全不受伤害,
除非遇到一种强力足以破坏各物的经纬;
可见没有什么东西会归于无有;
在崩溃时一切都化为原初质料。
以太父亲投到大地母亲怀里的雨点消失了,
[4.但事实上一物的损失等
于另一物的增加]
但是这之后金黄的谷穗就长出来,
绿枝就摇曳在树林间。
而树木自己也涨大起来,
载满了累累的果实;
这样,人类和动物就得到了食品,
这样,快乐的城市就充满了少女少男,
而茂密的林地就回响着新的鸟声;
这样,肥大而贪睡的家畜
就会在使人欢乐的牧场上舒展躺卧,
白色的乳汁就会从涨大的乳房滴下,
幼畜就用弱小的四肢在嫩草上跳跃,
新生的心由于暖热的鲜乳而充满快乐。
任何东西都不绝对消灭,虽然看来好象如此;
因为自然永远以一物建造他物,
从不让任何东西产生。
除非有他物的死来作补偿。
????????
现在,既然我已教给你
事物不能从无中产生,
[不可见的微粒的存在,
可以由其他的不可见的东
西的存在来佐证。]
当产生之后也不能使归于无有,
你切不要怀疑我的话,
说我们的眼睛并没有看见事物的始基;
因为,你该记住那些别的东西,
人们知道它们存在于这个世界中,
但是它们却不能被我们看见。
大风狂暴地鞭打我们的脸孔和身体,
把巨大的船只翻沉,云块撕开,
或者疯狂地卷旋而下,
在平野上撒满大树,
或者掠过山岭的峰头,
用震撼森林的狂飙。
它们就是这样地继续怒哮,
带着喧腾呼啸和凶兆的惨叫。
所以,显然是有不可见的风的物体
疾扫过大海、陆地和空中的云块,
暴烈地把一切搅扰、卷旋、抓起:
狂风就这样继续奔流,遍地堆起废墟,
正如大量本来性质柔顺的水
变成一条滔滔巨流,
而高山上倾盆骤雨
又以巨量雨水使它猛涨,
就冲击着向前带走了
林地的断枝残干和整株的大树;
当水流这样突然而至的时候,
就是那些坚固的桥梁
也不能抵抗这种冲击:
汹涌的巨流为不可计量的雨水所增强。
向桥墩四面攻打,使它们哗啦倾倒,
用波浪卷去那倾倒了的砖石和庞然巨决,
把一切想要挡住它的东西都冲开。
一切的狂风就象这样地运动着,
当它们象一条有力的水流
向某一个方向进展的时候,
就把许多东西向前驱赶,
然后又再以新增的暴力把它们抛下地面,
有时或者在卷旋中把它们抓住
并举起在锥形的旋涡里,带往远方:
所以,事实一次又一次地表明
必定有不可见的风的物体,
既然它们的行径完全比得上
那些巨大的河流,其形可见的东西。
还有,我们认识许多不同的物味,
但却从未看见它们走向我们的鼻孔。
用眼睛我们看不见炎热或寒冷,3.热4.冷5.声音
人们的声音我们也老是看不见。
然而这些东西根本上必定是物体,
既然它能触打我们的感宫;
因为除物体之外,没有什么别的东西
能够接触他物或被他物所接触。
衣裳挂在白浪拍岸的海边慢慢就变湿,6.湿气
湿了的衣服晒在太阳底下就会变干;
但是没有人瞧见湿气如何侵入衣裳,
也无人瞧见它如何被阳光赶走。
可见湿气是分散的许许多多的小点,
小得眼睛看不见。还有一件情况:
带在手指上的戒指会逐渐变薄,

沿内面那边,一年又一年;
屋檐的雨滴会把墙脚石块滴出窟窿;
弯弯的犁头,虽然是铁造,
却慢慢在耕地里不知不觉地磨耗。
我们看见石铺的大路
被无数行人的脚所磨光。
许多城门旁边的铜像,
由于无数过往旅人和它们握手致敬,
它们的右手就因屡被触抚而变瘦。
我们看见所有这些东西
如何由于消耗而越来越小,
但每次究竟有若干微粒消失,
妒忌成性的视觉却不让我们瞧见。
最后,时日和自然是把什么东西
一点一滴地加到许多东西上面,
而驱使它们按一定的比例长大,
不管我们眼光多锐厉,也半点瞧不出来。
当许多东西由于岁月的消耗而衰老的时候,
当悬崖为它们下面的海水所腐蚀的时候,
我们也看不出它们每次失掉了多少:
自然就这样永远用不可见的物体来工作。


论恐惧

当他看到了就人所能做到的而言,
人的生活已经获得了安全的保障;
看到有些人已经拥有财富地位荣誉,
并且因儿子们的好名声而备受尊崇,
但是他们每个人在自己的家里
却仍然有着一颗焦虑的心,
它不断地苦恼着他的生命,
对于这种苦恼,理性也无可奈何;
那颗心还被迫发出愤怒的怨言——
[当他看见人们虽然已占有一切的生活条件
而却仍然感到悲修的时候,他
就认识到错误的源泉在于人心]
当他看见了这些情形的时候,
他就认识到造成毒害的是容器本身,
而所有从外面被收进容器中的东西,
即使是如此美好,一进到它里面
就会被它所毒害;他看到部分地
这是因为容器是如此地破漏,
以致它无论怎样也不能被装满;
部分地是因为它用恶臭的气味
染污了任何进入它里面的东西。
[他清洗了人的心灵,
教给人们以至善的道路,
及对付生命中的坏事的方法]
因此他就用那宣说真理的语言
清洁了人们的心胸,划定范围
给欲望和恐惧;替我们揭露出
我们大家所企图得到的至善,
指出领我们达到那里的道路,
那一条笔直而狭小的捷径;
指出在人们的所有的事务里面,
有什么坏事出现,各种各式地
到处蹓跶:无论是由于偶然或强制,
因为自然曾经作了这样的安排;
指出一个人应该从哪一个门口
冲出去和各种各式的坏事作战。
他证明人类大抵都是完全徒然地
让忧虑的凄惨的浪涛在心中翻滚。
因为正如孩子们发抖着而害怕一切
[心灵中的黑暗必须用知识来驱逐]
在不可见的黑暗中的东西一样,
就是我们在光天化日之下
有时也害怕着那么多的东西,
它们其实半点也不比孩子们颤栗着
以为会在黑暗中发生的东西更可怕。
能驱散这个恐怖、这心灵的黑暗的,
不是初升太阳眩目的光芒,
也不是早晨闪亮的箭头,
而是自然的面貌及其定律。
因此,我更愿意继续用诗章
来编出我这已经开始了的论证。
既然我已教导你世界的广大地区

[现在必须来谈天上的现象]
是不免于死的,而天的躯体
也是在某个时候诞生出来的,
并且已经对你解释过几乎所有
在其中发生和必定发生的诸事物,
现在,请听听其他尚待解说的东西;
因为我既已大胆登上了
(文艺女神)的轮车,现在
(我将对你说明)暴风是如何发生,
它们是如何静息,以及任何曾经
疯狂嚣张的东西如何改变而静下来,
当它的狂暴已经减退而止息了的时候;
以及那些人类常常带着惊惶的心情
看见发生于天地之间的其他一切现象;
[对于这些现象的无知使人错误地以为它们是神灵的作业]
这些现象引起
人对神灵的恐惧,
使人们的心灵自觉卑下,
并把人们按下去跪在地上,
因为对于原因的无知迫使人们
把一切事物归之于神灵的操纵,
并承认他们的至高无上的统治。
因为有些人虽然已经很好地认识到
神灵是过着一种无忧无虑的生活,
但只要这其间他们奇怪着一切事物
是如何发生和存在,特别是关于
在上面天空中所见的那些现象,
他们就又被抛回古老的宗教里面,
而再次接受那些严酷的主宰,
把他们认为是全能,——可怜的人,
竞不认识什么能存在,什么不能够,
以及每样东西的能力是如何被限定,
以及它那深植在时间里面的界碑。
从而他们就更被盲目的推理
带上了迷途。所以,除非你
[这种信仰对于神灵是一种侮辱,对于你自己
又是一种损害:它破坏你在随俗履行宗教仪式时你心灵的安静和平]
从心灵中把这一切驱逐出去,
并抛掉你所有那些不配用于神灵、
与他的安宁背道而驰的思想,
那末,高天的神灵的神圣的威力,
既然受到你的思想所侮辱,
就将常常为害于你,——并非因为
神灵的至尊本质能够被你所污辱,
以致他们震怒万分而寻求严厉的报复;
而是因为你自己将会折磨自己,
设想那生活在和平宁静中的神灵
是在使震怒的浪涛不停地汹涌着;
你将不能够带着一种宁静的胸怀
踏进神庙;你也将不能够心平气和地
接受那些从神灵身上发出
而被带到人们的心灵中的肖象,

它们是他们的神圣的形式的使者;
在这之后,将会有怎样一种生活,
这一点你自己能猜得到。但是,
为了叫最正确的推理能把这种生活
从我们远远赶开,有许多东西
还尚侍用美好的诗章来加以装饰,
虽然我所说过的已经有那么多;

[我们必须寻出风暴和闪电的规律]
还必须用推理认定天的规律和面貌:
还有那些狂风暴雨和光亮的闪电
也必须被谱入我们的诗篇,歌唱出
它们做什么,由什么原因而发生,
以免你把天划分成许多区域
来占吉凶祸福,愚蠢而狂乱地
寻问那飞翔的火焰是从哪里来的,
它是转向天的哪一半而去的,
或者它如何穿进了紧闭的地方,
如何在那里任意妄为之后又迅速地
从那里离开,——所有这些现象,
人们都无从知道它们的原因,
他们就以为有神灵操纵其间。
请你,精明的女神,
你人类的安慰和神灵的欢乐,
当我向着目标的白线奔跑的时候,
请你在我面前给我指出道路,
使得我能够在你的引导之下
在热烈的采声之中取得荣冠。


论风雨雷电(长十字线线大阳线大阴线等)的形成

第一,蔚蓝的天空受雷声振动,
[甲、天上的现象。雷的发生可能是]
是因为在高空疾驰的天上的云块
互相冲憧起来,当不同方向的风
[由于云块迎面相撞]
彼此互相搏斗的时候。因为雷声
从来不会从天空中清朗的区域发出;
但是什么地方云块积集得更密更多,
从哪里就更常发出大声的隆隆巨响。
此外,云不能是由密集的物体所构成,
[云的组织又不太稀疏]
象石头和木材;也不能是那样微薄,既不太浓密
象雾和飘荡的烟;因为要是那样,
云块就必定会或者象石头那样
受着自己重量所拖拉而跌落;
或者象烟那样不能保持自己的躯体,
并在自己体内包藏冰冷的雪和雹雨。
在世界的张开着的大片天空上,
[由于云块彼此侧身而过互相摩擦发
出一种象帐篷或纸张在风中鼓动着时所发出的声音]
云块也会产生出来一种声音,
正象那张盖在大剧场上的遮篷
有时会发出一种辟扑辟扑的响声,
当它张挂在柱子和横梁之间,
受到了(风的大力)打击的时候。
有时当被狂风撕碎着的时候,
云层就号叫着发出一种声音,
很象纸张被撕扯时所发出的那样;
这种声音在雷声中你也能听见。
或者一种这样的声音,它很象
卷旋的风急促鞭打悬挂着的衣服
或把纸张卷起在空中乱飞时的声音。
因为也有这样的情形:
云块不能彼此迎面相撞,
而是从相反的方向飞来,
各向相反的方向慢慢过去,
彼此摩擦着对方的身体。
从那里就有一种干燥的声音
到来骚扰我们的耳朵,
这样的声音拉得很长很长,
直至云块已过了那狭窄的地方。
[由于风被云擒住包突然冲破云块而出]
再者,由于下述原因,
整个天地藏起来之后
常常会好象受巨雷打击而振动,
而辽广的天上的坚固的墙壁,
也好象在一瞬间爆炸而散开:
因为一阵已经形成了的暴风,
突然钻进了巨大的云层,
而当它一被禁闭在里面之后,
它就用它的不停的旋转迫使云层
越来越变成一个中间空虚的东西,
四周由厚厚的外壳包围着;
之后,当风的暴力和猛击已经
把那层外壳削弱了的时候,
云层就被撕开,并且砰然发出
一种可怕的声音;这绝不足为奇,
因为一个充满着空气的小皮囊
当它突然爆裂的时候也常常
同样地发出一种小小的声音。
当风穿过云块吹过去的时候,
[由于风吹过云块,象吹过森林时一样]
云块就发出声音,这是有道理的。
我们常常看见天上飞过了许多的
边缘很粗糙或者有着枝桠的云块;
而我们都知道,当一阵西北风
猝然吹过茂密的树林的时候,
树叶就沙沙地响,枝干就格格作声。
同样地,有时一阵烈风的暴力,
[由于风迎面击破云块]
穿过云层而把它撕裂;
一阵烈风在天空中能做出什么,
可以从地上的事实清楚地看出来。
在这里,风是比较温和的,但是它
也能把大树卷起,把它们连根拔出来。
此外,云层中间也有波浪,

[由于云块中间的波涛声]
而当波浪汹涌的时候,
它们就发出一种吼声;
正如在水深的河流和大海
所听到的那种浪涛声一样。
[由于闪还有,每当雷电的火热的能力,
电从一个云层落到另一个湿
润的云层时发出咝咝声]
从一云层落进另一云层的时候。
如果后一个云层是充满水分的,
它就会带着很大的声音立刻把火灭掉,
正如刚从熔炉里出来的白热的铁,
当我们迅速地把它抛进凉水的时候,
[由于闪电燃着了乾的云]
就会嗤嗤地响。反之如果把火接住的
是更乾的云,它就会立刻燃烧起来
并且发出一种巨大的声音,
正如一阵火焰被卷旋的风所吹送,
就沿着那长满桂树的山岭蔓延着,
用它猛烈的袭击烧毁着那些树木;
没有什么东西比迪尔菲的亚波罗的桂树
带着更可怕的声音在有声的火焰中烧掉。
[由于云里面的冰和雹的声音]
还有,常常地大量的冰的破碎和落雹,
也会在高空的巨云中间发出一种声音;
因为当风把它们紧紧地迫在一起的时候,
每一个巨大的含雨的云块,
既已在那里完全冻结并和雹石混合起来,
就破裂而发出响声??
????????????
[闪电的发生可能是由于两块云相撞而击出火的种子来
(闪电较先被
看见,因为光比声走得快)]
同样地,闪电发生了,当云块互相撞击
并且由于冲击而送出许多火种子的时候:
情形正如当一块石打击一块石或一块铁
因为那时候也会有光闪出来,
而火也把明亮的火星向四处喷射。
但是我们用耳朵听到雷声,
乃是在眼睛看见闪光之后。
因为事物总是较迟缓地到达耳朵,
比不上它们到达眼睛那样快,
这一点你可以从这个例子认识到:
当你看见有人用双刃的斧头
在远处把一株大树砍倒的时候,
你的眼睛先看见的是斧头的挥动,
然后才听见斧头砍树的声音。
同样地我们先看见闪电的光,
然后我们才听见雷声,虽然
声和光是从同一原因同时产生的——
是的,它们都产生自那同一个冲突。
以下面所说的这另一种方式,
[由于风被禁闭在云堆里面,就旋转着
直至它燃烧起来]
云块用跳动的光浸透了大地,
而风暴则闪射着颤动的光箭:
当风侵入了云层而在其中旋转,
并且把云层象我上面所说那样
弄成一个有厚厚外壳而中空的东西,
这时候它就因自己的速度而变得很热:
正如你看见运动使一切的东西
都变得很热并且燃烧起来,——
一个铅球被抛而飞动很远的时候
甚至就会溶化。因此当这火热的风
把黑云击破之后,它就把火的种子
抛掷出来,这些火种子看来好象是
由什么暴力突然从云块中迫出来的;
达些种子就造成那跳动的火光;
接着而来的是那一种声音,
这声音较迟缓地到达我们的耳朵
不比视觉对象到达我们眼睛那样快。
这现象发生于浓云密布的时候
[这现象你知道是发生在云很浓密]
并且一层一层地堆叠得很高的时候;
你切不要被这个事实所欺骗:
我们从下面只看见云层的宽度有多大
而不看见它们一层一层地叠得多高。
因为下一回当风把山岭一样的云
横过天空中带送过去的时候,
或者当沿着高大的山岳半腰
你看见它们一层叠一层堆集在一块、
上层压着下层,静静地停定着、
而四面八方风都被埋葬了的时候:
这时如果你观察一下,你就会认识
它们巨大的体量,就看见它们的洞穴,
这些洞穴好象是由悬崖所构成似的;
当风暴已经形成,而狂风已经
[风把所有的火种子结集在一起,然后冲破
云笼而出]
进入并充满了这些洞穴的时候,
被囚禁了的风就愤怒地大声咆吼,
象在笼洞里的野兽一样地号叫着;
时而从这边,时而从那边,
它们送出了它们的大声的号叫;
它们为我寻一条出路而四周转来转去,
并从云块中把火的种子卷出来,
把它们大量地堆集成一块,
在中空的熔炉里把火焰转动着,
直至从那被冲破了的云笼,
它们以叉形的闪光放射出来。
再者,下述的原因也引起
[由于云彼此相位时把自己里面的火种子驱
出来]
那流动的火的金色的光辉
从天上疾速地射到地上来:
云本身必定包藏大量的火种子。
因为,当它们完全没有水分的时候,
它们大体上总是带着火焰的颜色
并且发着光辉。因为它们必定
从阳光那里取得了大量的火种子,
所以很有理由它们是红红的,
并把它们的光亮的火散射出来。
因此当风已经把这些云驱赶强推,
迫使它们紧挤在一个地方的时候,
它们就把被榨出来的火种子倒出来,
这就使得有这些火焰的颜色在闪射。
[由于云块变疏时火种子落下来:
这造成无雷声的闪电]
同样地,当天空的云变疏薄的时候,
也会有闪电出现,因为当风轻轻地
把移动的云块解开和拆散的时候,
那些造成闪电的种子就自然会落下来;
在这种时候,空中有闪电的光。
但却没有那可怕的凶恶的声音和咆哮。

[雷电的性质:由火所构成]
其次,雷电具有什么样的本性,
可以从下面这些情形清楚地看出来:
从它的打击,从它焦灼的热
烙在被击中的东西上面的烙印,
和那些发出浓厚的硫磺味的焦痕。
因为这一切都是火的记号,
而并不是风或雨的记号。
再者,雷电也常常使屋顶起火
并且用疾驰的火焰在屋里面为所欲为。
[这种火是极其精微的,
这由它们所造成的结果可以看出来]
你要知道,
自然把这一种火
造得比其他的火都精细,
用的是极微小极疾速的物体,
这种火任何东西都不能加以抗拒:
这有力的雷电穿过屋子的墙壁,
正象声音和叫唤穿过它们那样,
它穿过铜,穿过石头,
并且能使金和铜转瞬就溶化;
同样地,它能使酒立刻消失干净
而酒瓶却完好无损,无疑这是因为
它的热一到达就立刻使整个土制的酒瓶
变成松而多孔,而在进到酒里面的时候
它就迅速地把酒的始基分解抛散,
而这一个过程火热的太阳光线
甚至在一个长时间里也不能完成,
尽管太阳的热辉是怎样地强大:
因为比较起来,雷电这种力
是敏捷得多,是更不可抗拒。

现在,雷电是如何产生出来的,
[必须对于它们的威力加以说明]
何以它们造得有这样猛烈的力量,
以致它们能够把堡垒劈碎,
把整个的房屋颠覆,
把柱木和屋梁扭开,
把英雄们的纪念碑拔起,
便它们粉碎而变成废墟,
从人们把生命永远取走,
把牛羊畜生到处抛到地上,——
雷电借什么力量干这种种事情,
以及其他一切,我将来告诉你,
也不再用空口许约来耽搁时间。
雷电必须被认为是产生自那些
[当高叠着的浓云密布时它们才被造成,]
堆集在高空的浓厚的云层。
因为从晴朗的天空,
从密度较小的薄云那里,
从来就没有雷电发出来。
显然的事实证明无疑地是这样。
因为在这种时候,密集的云
在整个高空中堆聚得那么多,以致
当暴风雨开始铸造它的雷电的时候,
我们会以为所有的黑暗
都已四面八方从地狱跑出来,
而充满了巨大的天空的圆顶;
当满天阴云的惨淡的夜晚
这样地集结了它的力量的时候,

我把60日均线当着海平面,
风要在海平面上吸取热的种子
这在ICHIMOKU云图上,
相当于云层的上边线,
如果你不理解,
看看GBP/USD在11.15-17这几天的表现吧

那些黑暗的恐怖的脸孔
就出现在空中俯视着我们。
[例如有时我们看见海上就有这样的情形]
此外,在海上也常常看见
有一种黑越越的圆块积云,
象一条沥青的瀑布从天而降。
它的黑影遮得很远很远,
它带着巨响坠到海面上,
身边还拖拉着那充满着
雷电和狂风的乌黑的暴风雨,
它本身更是大量地充满着火和风,
以致甚至在陆地上的人们
也全身发抖而去找寻躲藏。
因此,我说应该认为:风暴是
在我们头上向上堆得很高很高的,因为
云绝不会用这样巨大的黑暗遮没大地
除非它们是一层一层地高高叠上去,
以致能够把阳光遮断。到来的云块
也不能用这样大量的雨水吞没大地,
以致河流泛滥,田野浸没在水里,
如果天空不是有叠得很高的云层。
在这种时候,一切都充满着火和风,
[这样的云充满着风和火]
因此有那长久的闪电和响亮的雷鸣。
因为,刚才我已经向你指出:
中空的云层包容着无数的热种子,
而它们从阳光及其热气那里,
必定另外又取得许多的种子。
因此,当风凑巧把这些云驱集征一块,
[风和火一起形成一个旋涡]
又从它们挤出了许多的火种子,
自己又和那团火混合起来的时候,
那时候,那已经变成为旋风的它,
就进入云堆狭窄的腹部里面绕转着,
在火热的熔炉里面铸造着锐厉的雷电。
因为那风由于双重的原因而着火:
[风着火的原因是双重的]
由于自己的速度,和由于跟火接触。
之后,当风的能力已经完全热透了,
而火的暴烈的冲力已经侵入其中的时候,
[之后它冲破云出来,就成为雷
电带着雷声闪电、风雨]
那成熟了的雷电就突然冲破云层,
那已被激动起来的热就跳出来,
用它叉形的光芒照耀周围各处。

接着立刻就有这样沉重的轰响,
以致天穹好象完全被震碎,
好象要从上面掉下来把大地压盖。
这时候,一种可怕的颤动攫住了
整个人地,而高空中则响着隆隆雷声。
因为在这个时候几乎整个的风暴
都受震撼而动摇,激起了大声的咆哮,
在震动之后就跟来了那样喧闹的大雨。
整个黑越越的天空都好象变成了雨水,
当它倾盆而下的时候,看来就好象
它想命令陆地回到太古的大泛滥。
当火热的雷电撕破云层,
而雷声从它飞出来的时候,
由于云层的破裂和旋风,
就有那么样的大雨落下来。

[有时云被外面的风所冲破]有时候,已被激起的风的力从外面
打进了一个本身已经热烘烘地
具备着一个成熟了的雷电的云堆;
当那风粉碎了那云堆的时候,
那火焰的旋风立刻就落下来,
按祖国语言我们称它为雷电。
这样的雷电发生在云堆任一边,
只要风力是向着哪一方扫过去。

[有时风自己在进行中燃烧起来]有时也有这样的情形:
最初被抛送出去的时候
风的力虽然完全缺乏火,
但是在旅途上它却着了火,——
当它经过了很长的路之后:——
在路上它不断失去那些较大的物体,
它们不能象别的物体一样穿过空气;
一面又从空气本身收割搜集了
较小的物体,带着它们一同走,
这些物体和它混杂起来的时候,
就在飞驰中产生出了火:
情形很象时常看见的一个铅球[象一个飞动的铅球会溶化一样]
在空中飞驰着的时候就变热起来,
因为它一面丢掉许多僵冷的物体
一面从空气里面替自己吸取着
火的微粒。也有这样的情形:[或者,风对云的打击产生了火]
撞击的力量本身引起了火,
当那射出时全没有火的冷的风的力
突然打击了某一个东西的时候,——

无疑地这是因为:当它用可怕的打击
击中了某物之后,许多的火种子
就能从风本身和那受到打击的东西
同时流出来并汇集在一起:
正象当我们用铁击石的时候,
[正象用铁主打石头时一样]
就有火星飞射;也不会因为铁是冷的,
击打时它所发出的亮而热的火种,
就冲射汇集得不那么快。所以,
同样地如果一件东西恰好是适当的,
并且又是与火焰能相容的,
那它就必定能被雷电引得起火。
[况且风也不全是冷的]但是,风的力不能随便地认为
完完全全是冷的,——这种从高空
以这样巨大的力量放出来的风;
如果它不是在路上已经着火,
那末,至少当它到达的时候
必定已因混着火种子而热烘烘。
[雷电的速度是由于它从云中被射出时那股冲力;]
现在,雷电的速度
之所以这样巨大,
它的打击之所以这样沉重,
它落下时的冲击之所以如此疾速,
都是因为那已经激起的雷电的力量
本身总是先在云堆里积聚并壮大,
然后准备向外冲出所需的那股大劲儿;
之后,当云块已经再也不能包含住
它们那增大了的猛烈的冲力的时候。
它们那股力量就被迫跑出去,
因此带着那样可惊的冲力疾驰着。
象强大的弩炮所射出的炮弹一样。
[它是由很小很圆滑的粒子构成的:]还要记得,构成这种力量的,
都是细小而光滑的原素
所以没有什么能轻易抵抗它。
因为它能飞过物的孔隙,
能穿过它们的狭窄的道路。
因此既然没有许多东西阻碍它,
它就永远不在路上迟延耽搁,
而是以一种疾速的气势飞射。
其次,既然所有重量[因为在引力上又加上了打击力]
按其本性来说总是向下坠,
所以当又加上了撞击的时候,
速度就加倍,气势就更凶猛,
以致雷电就能更疯狂更暴烈地
把所有挡阻着它的东西部震碎,
而继续前进去赶它自己的路。
还有,因为它经过了长长的路途,
[由于在长途旅行中它克服了内部
的原子振动]
带着一种继续不停的运动,
所以它必定不断获得新增的速度,
它愈前进速度就愈增大,
雷电的威力越来越增加,
而使它的打击更加有劲;
因为它迫使雷电所有的种子
对象挤成直线向一个地方走,
当它们飞动着的时候,把它们
一个个全部抛进那相同的路线。
再者,也许它在运动过程中
[也许它获得了它从空气中收集了的粒子
的帮助。它能穿过物体,]
从空气里面吸取了某些物体,
它们用撞击燃烧起它的速度。
它穿进物体,但是却没有损害它们,
[熔化物体,乃是由于它刚好打中物体原子相联结的地方]它穿过许多东
西,但它们却完好如初,
这是因为那流动的火飞过了它们的细孔。
有许多东西它能贯穿过去,
因为雷电的那些原初物体正好
落在这些东西的原初物体上面,——
恰恰是在这些原初物体
彼此互相联结在一起的地方。
再者它很容易就把铜熔化,
并且在一瞬间就使金沸腾起来,
因为它是造得这样地精细,
由极小的部分极光滑的原素所构成,
所以它们很容易侵进物里面,
一经进入就迅速地拆散一切结子,
把其中所有的联络的锁链都松开。

[雷电最常出现的春天和秋天,因为在这种时候,那些构成雷电的必
要的因素最常碰在一起]
天的大厦在秋天最常到处受震动,
是的,那缀满着闪闪的群星的大厦,
和整个的大地各处:也最常在春天,
当繁花盛开的季节正展开自己的时候:
因为在寒冷时火很缺乏,
在炎热的季节风很稀少,
而云也没有那么浓厚的体量。
但当季节处于这两者之间的时候,
各种造成雷电的原因都汇合起来:
因为一年的逆流混合了冷和热
(而云正需要这两者来铸造雷电)。
以致事物之间存在着一种不和,
而空气则用大量汹涌的浪涛咆哮着,
因许多的火和风而猛烈地骚动着,——
因为,热的开端是冷的尾部,
而这就是春天;因此不同的东西
就必定互相斗争,而当混在一起的时候
就疯狂地骚动起来。而当已经轮到
最后的热混合着最初的寒冷出场的时候——
当这个我们称为秋天的季节出现的时候,
猛烈的冷和热同样也会互相斗争。
因为这原故这些季节就被称为逆流。
毋怪乎在这种时候雷电最常出现,
声势汹汹的风暴在天空中被激动起来,
因为这种时候两方会疯狂地进行着
势均力敌的战争:一边是火焰,
一边是风,和跟风混合着的水。

[水柱发生的情形]
因为,有时候,发生了这样的情形:
仿佛有一条被推着的巨柱(大阴线),
从上面天空降落到大海里面
(下破60日均线),
在柱子四周可怕地汹涌着
由狂吹的暴风所引起的浪涛;
任何船只一被卷进这场骚动。
就被震荡颠簸陷入极端的危险。
它发生在这样的时候:风的猛力
[它的发生乃是由于风不能冲破云出来,
(11.13-17,USDCHIF无法上穿上方云层)
就把它迫下海面]
有时不能冲破那它企图冲破的云块,
而是迫着云块往下坠,
直至显出好象有一根柱子
从天上逐渐被按捺到海面上,——
仿佛一只往下按的手臂用拳头
把一种什么东西朝下边按落,
越按越长,直至深入波浪里面。
当风的力已把云壳突破之后,
(11.17,转折线下穿云层下方,
基准线随后也顺风而下)
它就从云块里面冲下海面,
在海上引起了一种可怕的沸腾。
因为那卷旋着的风下降着,
并且把躯体柔软的云一同带下;
(由此,行情爆发啦!)

当它把满载的云推到海上的时候,
旋风自己就突然整个投入水里去,
带着可怕的咆哮激动起整个大海,
迫得它波浪沸腾起来。有的时候,
[或者由于旋风在自己四周卷集了云而
把它投到地上]
风的漩涡也会把自己卷进云里面,
从空气中搜集了许多云的种子,
因此就赝造了一个好象是从天上
被推下来的水柱。而当这个东西
(11.22USD/CHF的大阴线)
已经跌落到地上而爆破的时候,
就吐出旋风和风暴的无穷的伟大。
(你说伟大吗? )
但是因为一般地这是少有的事,
(这样的行情请问一年有几波? )
并且在陆地上山岭必定遮阻了它,
所以我们更常看见它发生
在宽阔的大海上,辽广的天空底下。

[云的成因由于在空气中结集的粒子的份量渐渐增大]
云的凝成是由于在上面天空里
有无数疾驰的粒子突然相遇,——
它们较粗糙,虽然只轻微按合,
也能彼此拉扯着互相联结起来,
这些微粒子先形成一些小云块,
接着这些小云块相互抓住集成一群,
并且由于它们的结合而越来越大,
它们被风带动不停地飞,直至形成
[特别是在高山顶上,
因为它们被风驱赶到这里]
猛烈的风暴。
也有这样的情形:
山岳的峰顶越是接近着高空,
它们那些高高的岩壁就越是
不停地冒出那些浓黑的乌云,
因为当云雾最初形成的时候,
在眼睛能看见薄薄的它们之前,
风就把它们带送而驱迫到上面,
到那些山岳的最高的山峰那里,
然后,终于达到了这样的阶段:
当他们已结集了较大的一群的时候。
由于它们的凝聚,它们已能被看见。
在这个时候看起来它们就好象
是从山岳的峰顶直升进高空。
因为当我们爬上高山的时候,
事实和感觉清楚地证明
那些空旷的高地是多风的。
此外,悬挂在岸边的衣服,
[由于水分的粒子从大海上升]
它们吸进了那粘住的湿气,
证明自然从所有的大海
提取了无数的微粒。因此
更可以看出有许多粒子
也能从大海海水的波涛
成群地升上去增大云块。
因为这两种水湿是血亲。
此外,从所有的河流,
[从河流陆地升上]
正如从陆地本身那里,
我们看见有水雾升起。
象气息一样从它们被迫出,
升上去用它们的黑暗遮住天空,
并且缓缓聚集而造成天上的云。
因为上面星空中的热
又压下来压在它们上面,
并且由于把它们凝缩,
而在蔚蓝的天盖底下,
编织成了一层烟瘴。
[由于云的粒子从世界外边飞来]
也有这种情形:
从世界外面一些物体进入我们的天空,
它们形成云块和飞翔的风暴。
因为我已指出它们的数目无限,
而深渊是无边无际;并且已经指出
那些物体是以如何的速度飞驰着,
它们如何能在一瞬间通过无数的空间。
因此,并没有什么特别可惊异,
如果风暴和黑暗在极短时间内
常常用悬在上面的巨大积云
遮没了海洋和大地。因为
通过天空四周所有那些小孔,
通过巨大世界的呼吸孔道,
对于那些原素,到处有出口和入口。

不过还远远没完,
还要雨,
雨后的彩虹,
精彩往往在最后,
因为雨后的彩虹
是美丽的哦............

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:04

云图学习资料

云图学习资料

此技术分析法是由二战前一个自称一目山人(笔名)的东京新闻作者发明的,问世后,ichimoku云图遂成为日本交易员常用的技术分析工具,不仅是股票交易,外汇,债券,指数,商品和期权也成为其广泛应用的战场。字面上讲,ichimoku表示一目了然,ichimoku云图的风格直观描述了一目均衡表 ――一目均衡价格表。
一目山人原名细田吾一,他关于云图的说明书最终出现于1968年,所有的计算无非包括通过变换取用历史最高价和最低价的中点,而且一张完整的图表达了价格走势的全景。多年来,细田雇用学生通过大量统计计算以得出最佳的公式,在个人电脑甚至计算器发明之前,工作量是巨大的。他于1983年去世,但他不苟的工作精神已经以ichimoku云图的形式深入了电脑化的交易室。
根据译者的经验,用此工具研判美元兑日元,欧元兑日元和黄金,日经指数等日本交易商积极参予的市场,该指标很有作用。
一、 ichimoku云图的结构如图1
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,2007020312190.jpg
一个ichimoku云图包括:
基准线 (standard line)
转折线 (turning line)
迟滞线 (delayed line)
第一先行跨度 (the first preceding span)
第二先行跨度 (the second preceding span)
当天的基准线上的点是由下面的公式计算出来的
N日内高点中的最大值+N日内低点中的最大值基准线=2 这里N取过去的26天,包括当天
以相同的方法,转折线的计算方法是
n日内高点的最大值+n日内低点中的最小值转折线=2 这里n取过去9天,包括当天。
现在在一个叫均衡表的表格中记录下这两个数字,接下来,在该表中记录下当天收盘价,但该价格在表中应记录在当天前的26天相应的位置上。这一点就成为迟滞线。
第一先行跨度公式是取用基准线和转折线的数据
基准线+转折线第一先行跨度=2
数值记录在该表当天后的26天上,包括当天。
最后,第二先行跨度是采用历史价格,按以下公式计算
A天内高点的最大值+A天内低点的最小值
第二先行跨度=2
表1
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,20070203121911.jpg
这里A取用52天,包括当天,该数据同样也记录在该表当天后的26天上,包括当天。我们可以用MS OFFICE中的表格工具或分析软件来执行这一计算,并在图中画出计算所得的数据,如表一。
相似但不同 ichimoku和移动平均技术分析法相似,但其取用的数据,不同于移动平均分析法。Ichimoku取用的是历史高点和低点作为分析参数,而移动平均法用的是收盘价数列。细田相信,在一个时间跨度的价格中,中点更能体现价格的特征。
请注意在公式中运用的这几个时间跨度,9,26,52 天。在此分析法的设计和测试阶段,26天跨度对应的是一个月内工作日的天数(包括星期六),而9,26,52则分别表示一个半星期,一个月,和2个月。
另一些更接近当今市场的时间值可能更具有预测性。在图一的例证中,我们采用的是ichimoku原始的公式,此图是东京商品交易所交易的黄金期货走势图。数据来源于交易网站,图中显示的是黄金期货2000年6月合约。(1999年7月1日到2000年6月27)
ichimoku图的实际用法如图2
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,20070203121955.jpg
图二是采用同一段数据,用同样的时间跨度(9和26天,和ichimoku云图基准线和转折线启用的参数相同)计算出来的移动平均。我们可以看到,移动平均比基准线和转折线更平滑。除了这个不同外,传统的移动平均技术和ichimoku基准/转折线都能给出相似的结果。在移动平均法中,一个买入信号就是转折线交叉上穿基准线,而卖点则相反。在ichimoku云图的用法也类似。
移动平均反映了投资者对于一定时期内收盘平均价的多数一致的预期。黄金价格不会过度上升,偏离移动平均太远。这个论点也能运用于ichimoku法对于在一定时间跨度内市场预期的分析。
如果市场价格不能突破高点和低点的中值,价格将升不了多远。Ichimoku云图是跟随趋势的分析指标,所以,应用它可以成功预测中长期的交易趋势行情。但是,用于横盘整理行情却表现不佳。(就像我前面提到的,ichimoku云图设计于有电脑和计算器的年代前;似乎应用中点的计算量要比应用移动平均来得少)。
更深层说明
让我们来看看迟滞线,首先必须注意,它是现行价格的滞后反应,所以它的终点表示最近的收盘价。因此,你可以回到它的终点并检验它是高于还是低于前面指定的那一天的收盘价。例如,在黄金市场上,当迟滞线高于那天收盘价,表明黄金市场已经走强,否则,黄金价格将下跌。说穿了其实就是简单地比较现行价格和上个月的同期价格,快速比较是迟滞线的唯一用途。
Ichimoku技术分析法的独创性在于用先行线来定义支撑和压力水平。基准线和转折线表明了市场参与者在一定时间段上的一致意见,所以,一个上升趋势将展现连续的低点上移,而一个下降趋势将显示连续的高点下移。
一个日本老人曾经说过“就市问市”,有了这个理念,黄金市场的现行价格应该包含投资者所知道的所有信息。所以,基准线和转折线的平均值必定是最好的预测未来价格的指标。而这就是ichimoku云图中的第一先行跨度。
一个由计算过去52天(2个月)中最高点和最低点的中值所得得趋势应该包含过去市场所有供求预期的因素。这一趋势就是通过1个月的时间切换来表现的第二先行跨度。
这两个先行跨度之间的区域就是“云”,它表示了支撑和压力。价格上升突破云表示突破了压力位。同样,这个概念和移动平均的很相似。在观察并定义了压力或支撑位,市场对黄金价格的预期很可能在短期内转变,并使价格重新回到云中(支撑和压力区中)。但是,这种陷阱或假破的风险在ichimoku云图中要比移动平均少,因为ichimoku中的两个先行跨度在未来故意被错开了(精确来说,在细田的公式中是一个月)。当金价徘徊于或接近云,最好的方法就是等待市场价格上破或下破云。一旦价格上破云,太阳的光芒将照亮前途,这时就是买入时机。如果价格下破云,价格将如倾盆大雨,这时就是卖出时机。
一旦迟滞线,基准线/转折线和云都显示同样的买入或卖出信号,该图将显示一个中长期趋势。不过对于横盘行情,ichimoku趋势跟踪系统将是有风险的,可参考振荡量指标来结合判断。
总结:
ichimoku云图是一个趋势跟踪系统,它有着和移动平均相似的指标。它独一无二的特点就是建立在趋势线按时间切换的战略上的,迟滞线代表过去,而先行线代表将来。通过这个,我们可以观察到市场时间,压力或支撑和可能的假破。所有这些都在一个图中有一个全景浏览。
时间跨度9,26和52可能在当今市场上需要调整,因为证券市场当今已不能在周六交易了。Ichimoku云图可以在EXCEL或LOTUS中的工作表中轻易的构筑出来。时间跨度的优化值无需多少时候就可以通过工作表来求得。
当然,在当今的应用中也有些不便的地方,因为有些市场,如外汇交易是全球24小时的,我们必须去定义开盘和收盘时间。而且,金融衍生品相对短期。但是,熟悉这些问题的分析师可以把ichimoku云图实质应用于任何市场。

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:05

Using Pivot Points for Predictions

Using Pivot Points for Predictions

We often hear market analysts or experienced traders talking about an equity price nearing a certain support or resistance level, each of which is important because it represents a point at which a major price movement is expected to occur. But how do these analysts and professional traders come up with these so-called levels? One of the most common methods is using pivot points, and here we take a look at how to calculate and interpret these technical tools.
How to Calculate Pivot Points
There are several different methods for calculating pivot points, the most common of which is the five-point system. This system uses the previous day's high, low and close, along with two support levels and two resistance levels (totaling five price points) to derive a pivot point. The equations are as follows:
R2 = P + (H - L) = P + (R1 - S1)
R1 = (P x 2) - L
P = (H + L + C) / 3
S1 = (P x 2) - H
S2 = P - (H - L) = P - (R1 - S1)
Here, "S" represents the support levels, "R" the resistance levels and "P" the pivot point. High, low and close are represented by the "H", "L" and "C" respectively. (Note that the high, low and close in 24-hour markets are often calculated using New York closing time on a 24-hour cycle. Limited markets simply use the high, low and close from the day's standard trading hours.)
Take a look at the following example of the five-point system, which illustrates a projection of Microsoft's stock movement. Note the pivot point and the support and resistance levels.
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,20070203123117.gif
Chart provided by Yahoo! Finance
Another common variation of the five-point system is the inclusion of the opening price in the formula:
P = ((Today's O) + Yesterday's (H + L + C)) / 4
Here, the opening price, "O", is added to the equation. Note that the opening price for foreign exchange markets is simply the last period's closing price. The supports and resistances can then be calculated in the same manner as the five-point system, except with the use of the modified pivot point.
Yet another pivot point system was developed by Tom DeMark, a famous technical analyst and president of Market Studies, Inc. This system uses the following rules:
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,20070203122324.gif
As you can see, there are many different pivot-point systems available. Some popular ones include as many as nine different price levels; meanwhile, others predict only one pivot point, and no additional levels of support or resistance.

Interpreting and Using Pivot Points
When calculating pivot points, the pivot point itself is the primary support/resistance. This means that the largest price movement is expected to occur at this price. The other support and resistance levels are less influential, but may still generate significant price movements.
Pivot points can be used in two ways. The first way is for determining overall market trend: if the pivot point price is broken in an upward movement, then the market is bullish, and vice versa. Keep in mind, however, that pivot points are short-term trend indicators, useful for only one day until they need to be recalculated. The second method is to use pivot point price levels to enter and exit the markets. For example, a trader might put in a limit order to buy 100 shares if the price breaks a resistance level. Alternatively, a trader might set a stop-loss for his active trade if a support level is broken.
Conclusion
Pivot points are yet another useful tool that can be added to any trader's toolbox. It enables anyone to quickly calculate levels that are likely to cause price movement. The success of a pivot-point system, however, lies squarely on the shoulders of the trader, on his or her ability to effectively use the pivot-point systems in conjunction with other forms of technical analysis. These other technical indicators can be anything from MACD crossovers to candlestick patterns - the greater the number of positive indications, the greater the chances for success.

By Justin Kuepper
Justin Kuepper has many years of experience in the market as an active trader and a personal retirement accounts manager. He spent a few years independently building and managing financial portals before obtaining his current position with Accelerized New Media, owner of SECFilings.com, ExecutiveDisclosure.com and other popular financial portals. Justin continues to write on a freelance basis, covering both finance and technology topics.

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:06

Pivot point analysis in stock trading

Pivot point analysis in stock trading

By Clif Droke
©2002 Publishing Concepts
The object of trading in stocks for the average trader is to realize capital gains by following price trends. Price trends in technical analysis are identified in a number of ways utilizing a variety of technical tools, most notably the trend line. But equally important for the stock trader is the identification of significant turning points, or pivotal points, when price trends reverse course and change from up to down, or from down to up. Your chances of profiting from stock prices trends will be greater if you can quickly identify these turning points and jump on board just as the new trend is beginning. In this article we will focus on two basic, yet extremely effective, ways of finding pivot points in stock charts.
A pivot point, classically defined, is the price at which the direction of price movement changes.1 By looking at the high, low and closing values of a stock's price, you can calculate the next day (or hour's) pivot point as well as identify potential support and resistance levels.
Potential (as distinguished from actual) pivot points can be easily seen on stock charts by even casual observers. It is important to note this distinction, because if all *potential* pivot points became actual changes of trend then anyone could make money in stock trading easily. As anyone experienced in this business knows, nothing comes easy when dealing with stocks. Therefore it will do well to keep in mind that most *potential* pivot points are just that - just dips or blips on the price chart until an actual trend reversal takes place.
The great trading past masters, including W.D. Gann, Richard Wyckoff, et al, always emphasized the importance of beginning stock price analysis with the longest timeframe possible (within reason). For instance, if your objective in trading stocks is the very short-term (defined as a few days to as many as three months), you will be tempted to ignore the longer-term timeframes in stock charting. This is a normal reaction among traders, yet one that has led to a great many downfalls and missed profits. Let's pick a random stock as an example, one that few have ever heard of, yet one that has a reliable trading history and adequate liquidity. For this article we chose Aviall, Inc. (AVL:NYSE), an airplane manufacturer. Aviall is a rather low-priced stock, yet not so low that it classifies as a "penny" stock or micro-cap. It actually has a small institutional following and is fairly reliable for trend-following purposes as well as short-term swing trading.
It is this author's personal opinion (bolstered by experience) that the starting point for this type of stock trading should go back at least four years. I am a firm believer that the 4-year, or "Presidential," cycle should be the starting point for short-term support/resistance and pivot point analysis since it is always important to know where a stock stands within the context of the 4-year cycle. All stocks respond to this emphatic cycle to some degree or another and it is probably the smallest of all long-term cycles that has great significance to most actively-traded stocks. Since the 4-year cycle bottoms in late 2002, let's go back to the previous 4-year bottom in late 1998. In doing so, we bring up the 4-year weekly chart of Aviall and already we see some things worth noting.
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,2007020312294.gif

First, notice where Aviall bottomed in the previous 4-year cycle bottom in 1998 (November is typically when the 4-year cycle bottoms). It bottomed around $10 and this was confirmed by a double bottom at this same level in the first few weeks of 1999. Fast-forward four years later. At the time this article is being written (late July 2002) the four year cycle is about 3-4 months from bottoming and notice where Aviall is relative to the last 4-year cycle floor of $10. It's very close to testing that important level once again.
Although Aviall currently trades near $12, it came very near to testing the $10 benchmark earlier this week in late July and is not out of the water yet as there may still be another decline to test $10 before a bottom is in. Notice the extremely heavy volume around the $14 area that has developed over the past several weeks, even as Aviall was making a run on its three-year highs. This high-volume reversal qualifies as a pivot point since Aviall's price trend reversed below $14 after a failed attempt at crossing it. The extreme trading volume that accompanied it only confirms the turning point. This area should be marked on the chart as a legitimate pivot point since not only did Aviall stall at this area, but actually reversed as well. A further decline to $10 will only confirm the pivot at $14.
The fact that Aviall has a history of declining into the final few months of the 4-year cycle (known as the "hard down" phase in cycle parlance) is worth noting. Not only was there a steep decline from the second quarter of 1998 to when the last 4-year cycle bottomed later that same year, but Aviall also declined heavily into the final two quarters of 1994, the previous 4-year cycle. True to its trading history, Aviall is once again being pressured under the influence of the falling 4-year cycle.
Another consideration when studying pivot points is this: not only are those clearly-defined "V-shaped" reversals considered as pivotal points, but so too are the not-too-obvious reversals, the kind that can only be noted when going back over a long period of time and looking at levels where price has reversed time and time again. Once again, the $10 level takes on added significance as a pivot point in Aviall. Take a look at the 10-year monthly chart and notice how many times the price reversed either up or down, or else stalled for considerable lengths of time, when approaching the $10 level. In fact, a case could be made that $10 is the level of equilibrium for Aviall, the place where supply and demand are in relative balance. Just about all the major price swings have come off of $10 over the past decade.
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,20070203122926.gif

So now that Aviall is currently under pressure beneath its most recent price pivot of $14 and apparently headed for another test $10, it will be critical for the trader to observe how Aviall reacts upon reaching this important technical level. A failure to find support above $10 (preferably accompanied by heavy volume) should be viewed as a potential point for selling short, and an outright failure of $10 to hold in the weeks and months leading up to the November timeframe should be treated as a confirmed sell short entry point. Thus $10 becomes an important pivot point in Aviall once again.
The famed trader Jesse Livermore made note of the importance of going back over the past history of a stock in order to locate its pivotal points when he wrote:

"It is when you set down prices in your and observe the patterns that the prices begin to talk to you. All of a sudden you realize that the picture you are making is acquiring a certain form. It is striving to make clear a situation that is building up. It suggests that you go back over your records and see what the last movement of importance was under a similar set of conditions. It is telling you that by careful analysis and good judgment you will be able to form an opinion. The price pattern reminds you that every movement of importance is but a repetition of similar price movements, that just as soon as you familiarize yourself with the actions of the past, you will be able to anticipate and act correctly and profitably upon forthcoming movements."
Probably the simplest way to identify pivot points is to use some form of the basic trend line breakout. This is technical analysis in its purest sense and when performed properly will bring profits to a trader more times than not. Of course, the classical trend line penetration method requires patience and discipline, virtues that all too many traders lack. Let's explore this method.
Using Aviall's 4-year weekly chart we have drawn four basic trend lines off its all-time price high of July 1999 at around $19. Major price peaks should always be the starting point for long-term trend line analysis. From the long slide in mid-1999 into 2001, we can draw at least three distinctive downward trend lines, all starting from the 1999 high. Granted, there may be slight variations in how one traders draws a trend line compared to another, but the rule that should be followed by all is: a.) start with the highest point in terms of price, and b.) connect as many secondary highs as you can; the greater the number of times the price line touches the trend line without breaking it, the more legitimate it is.
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/2/3/7/leson1234,20070203122936.gif
From 1999 through January 2001, Aviall traced out what is known in technical parlance as a triple or "fan line" retracement, breaking through three consecutive declining trend lines. It is important to note that each time a trend line was broken there was a conspicuous increase in trading volume, which is essential for confirming a trend line breakout. These trend line breakouts and high volume spikes, when taken together, constitute pivot points.
A fourth trend line can also be drawn off the 1999 high to the trend line penetration in March-April 2002, which was also accompanied by a volume spike. From there, Aviall rallied impressively up into early July before meeting with heavy resistance around $14 and then reversing. As we mentioned earlier, the $14 area also constitutes a pivot point based on the trend reversal and extremely heavy trading volume. All that remains for the trader to watch is how Aviall responds between its current price and the critical $10 pivot. How Aviall responds to this pivot point will likely be the basis for how it trades for the remainder of 2002. In a nutshell, this is really what pivot point analysis is all about - locating significant trend reversals and observing how price responds to these levels and to past trend reversal areas.
Sources:
1. Gopalakrishnan, Jayanthi, "Pivot Points," Technical Analysis of Stocks & Commodities, copyright 2001.
2. Livermore, Jesse, How to Trade Stocks, Traders Press, 2001.
--Clif Droke
July 27, 2002

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:07

Hull Moving Average

Hull Moving Average (HMA)The Hull Moving Average solves the age old dilemma of making a moving average more responsive to current price activity whilst maintaining curve smoothness. In fact the HMA almost eliminates lag altogether and manages to improve smoothing at the same time. To understand how it achieves both of these opposing outcomes simultaneously we need to start with an easily understood frame of reference. The following chart contains a 16-week simple moving average which constantly lags the price activity and has poor smoothness. http://www.justdata.com.au/Journals/AlanHull/images/A0405_0100.gif Firstly, solving the problem of curve smoothing can be done by taking an average of the average, ie. 16 period SMA(16 period SMA(Price)). The bad news is that it causes a huge increase in lag as seen below. http://www.justdata.com.au/Journals/AlanHull/images/A0405_0101.gif Solving the problem of lag is a bit more involved and requires an explanation with numbers rather than charts. Consider a series of 10 numbers from '0' to '9' inclusive and imagine that they are successive price points on a chart with 9 being the most recent price point at the right hand leading edge. If we take the 10 period simple average of these numbers then, not surprisingly, we will determine the midpoint of 4.5 which significantly lags behind the most recent price point of 9. Here's the clever bit…first let's halve the period of the average to 5 and apply it to the most recent numbers of 5,6,7,8, and 9, the result being the midpoint of 7. http://www.justdata.com.au/Journals/AlanHull/images/A0405_0102.gif Finally, to remove the lag we take the midpoint of 7 and add the difference between the two averages which equals 2.5 (7 - 4.5). This gives a final answer of 9.5 (7 + 2.5) which is a slight overcompensation. But this overcompensation is very handy because it offsets the lagging effect of the nested averaging. Hence the result of combining these 2 techniques is a near perfect balance between lag reduction and curve smoothing. http://www.justdata.com.au/Journals/AlanHull/images/A0405_0103.gif The HMA manages to keep up with rapid changes in price activity whilst having superior smoothing over an SMA of the same period. The HMA employs weighted moving averages and dampens the smoothing effect (and resulting lag) by using the square root of the period instead of the actual period itself…as seen below. Integer(SquareRoot(Period)) WMA [2 x Integer(Period/2) WMA(Price)
- Period WMA(Price)]Unfortunately the MetaStock version of the indicator requires the 'Integer part of the square root of the period' to be entered manually as an input. For example, if the period is 25 then 'sqrtperiod' equals 5 and if the period is 30 then 'sqrtperiod' also equals 5. ('sqrtperiod' increments up to 6 when period = 36 and so on.) MetaStock Formula
period:=Input("Period",1,200,20) ;
sqrtperiod:=Input("Square Root of Period",1,20,4);
Mov(2*(Mov(C,period/2,W))-Mov(C,period,W),sqrtperiod,W);

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:07

介绍一均线买入法大道至简

介绍一均线买入法大道至简
mmk

介绍一均线买入法
方法很简单大道至简
就是用一中短期的均线
等它回调止跌回升做出第2脚确认
出量突破颈线
用这 k线买进
k低作停损
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040823151.gif
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040823249.gif
第2张图的颈线没划到
再贴一张
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040823350.gif
这方法很简单
虽简单
但百试百灵

多看图无害
看多图有利
麻烦再看几遍

http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040823450.gif
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,200704082335.gif
再来就是来不急坐第一班车的乘客
请乘第二班车
如价继续往上时就用另一思维来观察
不过在这往上的旅途就用其他辅助指标来确认
旅途方向不变性
随旅客的喜爱使用自己惯用指标举例常用如较长的均线.周月macd----等
调适自己的心情也就是操作心态
言归正传
如何乘第二班车当涨一段时会回调修正
越靠进此操盘的均线时就要关注
量缩止跌等到又红K日出------

当然每支股性不同但操作规则无异
请注意买点特征

http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040823342.gif

http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040823615.gif
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040823649.gif

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:08

均線交叉打結時:交易系統建立經驗談──如何面對「盤整」市?

均線交叉打結時:交易系統建立經驗談──如何面對「盤整」市?
經驗之談
由初次接觸到慢慢發展為興趣,曾經瘋狂,曾經沮喪,到現在的平常面對,跟交易系統研究連上,不經不覺已經是第五個年頭。回想當初發現均線系統的驚喜震撼,實在是非筆墨所能形容。妙極之處,在於簡單,兩條均線交叉就足以獲利,而且更為多間管理數以億計美元的對沖基金所採用,原來大道果真至簡,獲利真理根本就是這樣簡單! 喜悅之後是失望,好像中了彩票然後被宣告無效一樣,一直表現良好的均線系統開始連續虧損了,不禁令我疑問:

「為什麼一直獲利的均線系統會突然失靈?」

這問題令人失望、氣憤、無助,亦形成了一鼓立心解決的原動力,驅使我更積極地到書店、圖書館翻閱中英書籍,同時亦更頻密地瀏覽美中港台金融論壇,才知道市場的「盤整」走勢就是擊敗均線系統的「元兇」。直到現在,遊走在中外論壇裡,不難發現,仍然有系統交易同好不定時地提出:「如何處理「盤整」市?」,更有人認為全解答案價值上百萬元。
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,200704082397.gif
圖1: 基礎均線系統表現
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040824011.gif
圖2: 基礎均線系統表現,黃圈為失敗訊號(whipsaws)
現在看來,處理「盤整」走勢,其實是初級交易者的必經之路,亦更加是從初級交易者升級至進階交易者的必修考核試題。
整合所見所聞,集體交易智慧都語重心長建議各位要「接受虧損,堅持到底。」,我理解成他們要求我們要提升心理素質,在逆境不息,抵住黑暗,等待黎明。對於前輩們的建議,我心情矛盾,他們的市場經驗扎實老到,實際交易果效又長期盈利,其說服力,其權威性是我作為交易初哥所無容置疑的,然而,作為年輕而帶點反叛的自身實無法欣然接受們的前人權威性指導思想。
「一代新人勝舊人」,前人辦不到的,我等新人們未必辦不到。
個人認為,集體交易智慧肯定「接受虧損,堅持到底。」只是對大眾而言矣。也許有人當作為金石良言,也許有人全數接受而貫徹執行,種種我都心存敬佩; 對於不安成規而且希望出類拔萃的同仁,「良言金句」決不會阻礙前進的腳步。
主流三法
選擇「不接受」於「盤整」走勢連續虧損。本文專注在以均線系統為基礎於「交易方法」中尋求改善辦法。在環球交易技術資訊中搜索、閱讀、吸收、消化,綜合來講,處理「盤整」走勢主流方法有三種:
指標法
突破法
延時法

1.指標法
均線系統結合指標,以篩選更高勝算的交易訊號。基於普及性,特選ADX作介紹。
ADX由創立亞當理論以及RSI指標的 J. Welles Wilder (中譯:威爾斯威爾德/ 港譯:威斯韋特)所創立。他認為市場走勢三成時間呈趨勢,而其餘七成則是橫行盤整,為了過濾其parabolic SAR交易系統的失敗訊號,他利用ADX指標作為過濾工具。ADX為量度趨勢力量的指標。指標重點在趨勢力量量度,並無方向性,數值介乎0至100之間,少於20代表趨勢微弱,大於40則代表趨勢強勁而且有趨勢逆轉的可能,介乎20至40之間代表趨勢剛於萌芽階段。應用方法於趨勢剛開始時(即ADX剛升穿20)則順勢入市,而在趨勢成熟隨時有趨勢逆轉的可能時候(即ADX跌破40)則離場觀望。
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040824036.gif
2.突破法
突破法指均線系統出現訊號後,需等待價格再升穿或跌破某百分比方順勢入市。常用百分比為3%。從觀察均線系統失敗情況中,不難發現,連續虧損通常出現在橫行而幅度微弱的走勢裡,突破法在意避免於橫盤乏力市況入市,爭取有力度走勢以增強勝算。
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,200704082413.gif
(圖4: 結合3%價格突破的均線系統表現)
3.延時法
延時法指均線系統出現訊號後,需等待某特定時間方作入市決定。假若在特定時間內仍未出現反方向訊號,系統才確認入市。綜觀均線系統失敗情況,「盤整」走勢出現的訊號頻率遠比「趨勢」市況為高,而且於「盤整」走勢出現的訊號持倉時間都比「趨勢」市訊號為短,延時法希望減少入市頻率而降低失敗機會,亦期望因延時得宜而排除「盤整」時反覆失敗訊號。
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,2007040824129.gif
(圖5: 採用延時法指均線系統表現)
最後是各方法引入後的系統表現圖:
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/2/leson1234,200704082422.gif
上述辨法只是眾多可行性的其中一面,千萬不要被它限制你的無限創造力,期望大家能融會古今推陳出新,說不定下次的心得分享會是你!

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:09

DMI(ADX)趋向指标分析与实际中应用

使用DMI(ADX)指标其实很简单,就是观察+DI、-DI和ADX这三条线的变化,信号很清晰,也很可靠。它是判断顶部和底部的重要指标,准确率较高,适合做中长线的汇友使用;
  DMI(ADX)中长线预测比较准确。短线出错率较高,建议大家结合RSI及SAR应用比较好一点; 个人心得及应用如下:
1、+DI和-DI高低的应用
  当+DI线上穿-DI线,并上穿平均趋向指数线,是个明显的升势,其上升空间巨大,投资者要快速跟进,否则会失到好获利的机会。
  注:当+DI线上穿-DI线后,ADX却没有跟随上升,说明汇市上升空间较小,这样的可以有利于我们把握有多少上升空间或见顶回落的征兆;(明显跌市如下图中1所示)
2、用DI指标判断盘整市场
  ADX线一般在20以下40以上,25以上可以判断为上升趋势展开,配合MA效用更好,能把握住一波好行情;
  如果ADX下跌或盘整,可加以RSI来配合应用。
  注,如果+DI和-DI经常交叉,且ADX在20以下,表示市场行情波动有限,牛皮市,盘整为主,观望为上。或短线策略对待;(如下图中2所示)
3、可判断中期见顶
  找顶和底是好多人的愿望及想法。这个指标或许可以指引您,当汇价上升一段时间后,当+DI线高于-DI线,且两线差距较大,同时ADX线升破这两条线,有回落迹象的话,这个可以视作可靠的见顶信号;(如下图中3所示)
4、可判断中期见底
  当-DI高于+DI线,距离又大,且ADX在此两线之上有回落迹象,这个可以视作可靠的见底信号。(如下图中4所示)
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/4/8/7/leson1234,2007040813500.jpg
韦达的交易法则(ADX) (转)
1.惟有ADX评级偏高的证券才适合采用顺势交易的系统。ADX读数是反映趋向变动的程度,而不是方向的本身。
2.进场与出场是采用+DI14与-DI14的穿越信号。
3.当极端点交易法则生效时,法则2将有例外。当DI发生穿越信号时,取当天的极端点做为止损点;换言之,多头头寸取当天的低价为止损点,空头头寸取当天的高价。在随后的几之内,如果止损点未被触及,即使DI再发生穿越信号也不需理会。
4.当ADX的位置高于两条DI而方向发生改变,这是趋势反转的早期信号,可以做部份的获利了结。最后的平仓信号是来自于DI穿越或极端点的止损被引发。当ADX改变方向时,如果+DI14高于-DI14,这代表趋势的变动是由上亦下,反之亦然。
5.如果ADX高于两条DI,而且读数明显偏高,这代表既有的趋势已经持续一段时间。这并不是建立新头寸的理想时机,因场信号很可能反复。换言之,ADX的读数偏高,相当于是超买/超卖,顺势的新交易头寸通常很难获利。
6.如果ADX同时低于两条DI,避免采用顺势交易的系统,因为市场中没有明显的趋势。
7.如果ADX的读数低于20~25,不论它与两条DI的相对位置如何,都避免采用顺势交易的系统,因为市场中没有明显的趋势。
adx公式是:
1.先求出趨向變動值(DM)--趨向變動值為本日股價變動幅度大於昨日股價變動幅度的『最大值』。
『+DM』= 本日最高價 - 昨日最低價
『-DM』 = 本日最低價 - 昨日最低價
DM能表達出股價波動增減的幅度。『+DM』及『-DM』計算出來後,再分別求出其N日移動平均值(一般以10日、12日、14日為計算日期)。
2.找出真實的波幅(真實的波動價位值,簡稱TR)--TR為本日行情與昨日行情比較後的最大變動值。該變動值需比較下列三種差價的『絕對值』後,取其中最大者為本日之TR。
本日最高價 - 本日最低價
本日最高價 - 昨日收盤價
本日最低價 - 昨日收盤價
TR求出後,再計算其N日之移動平均值。
3.求出方向線(DI)--為探測股價上漲或下跌方向的指標,以 +DI表示上升方向指標,為最近N日內實際上漲的動量百分比;以 - DI表示下跌方向指標,為最近N日內實際下跌的動量百分比。
+DI = + DI N日平均 / TR N日平均
-DI = - DI N日平均 / TR N日平均
4.最後求出平均方向的移動平均值(ADX)--
方向平均值(DX) =︱ (+DI) - (-DI)︱ (絕對值) / (+DI) + (-DI)
再計算其N日移動平均值ADX
ex.10日移動平均值 = 本日 ADX = 昨日 ADX * 9/10 + 本日的 ADX * 1/10

DMI指标应用法则   
DMI的特点是当股价朝着一个趋势方向单边运行时,投资者按照DMI操作可以在单位时间内最大限度地获取大利,或以最小的代价逃大顶以避免出现较大损失。DMI属于较为长期交易的指标,当行情处于盘局时,按照该指标操作会令投资者蒙受损失,不知所措。   
DMI指标由四条线构成,它们分别是正DI、负DI、ADX、ADXR,当正DI从下向上运行突破负DI时,显示多方力量增加,为一般性买进信号;当负DI从下向上运行突破正DI时,显示空方力量增加,为一般性卖出信号;投资者如仅依靠上述两条选择买卖点,那么在大多数情况下,只能保本平仓,甚至发生亏损。原因是当股价作窄幅波动时,股价波动至通道上轨时,指标刚刚发出买入信号,一旦买入,正好被套。股价波动至通道下轨时,指标刚刚发出卖出信号,投资者一旦割肉出局,正好卖个底价,因此,仅仅简单地使用正负DI相互交叉,决定买卖点,显然是欠妥的。   
正确的做法是把依据正负DI数值通过公式计算出的平均线ADX、ADXR与正DI、负DI结合起来使用,经实战检验效果很好,下面介绍一下使用方法:
1.将ADX线与ADXR线视作引导线,当股价走势明显处于向单一方向运行时,不论股价运行方面是上涨还是下跌,ADX与ADXR均会呈斜线向上运行,即股价会持续上涨或持续下跌。   
2.当ADX与ADXR线相距很近,呈向上运行时,正DI快速接近ADX与ADXR这两条引导线,表明股价将有一段上扬行情,如正DI快速接近并越至ADX与ADXR上边且ADX与ADXR形成黄金交叉时,意味着股价将会有急速上攻行情,表明该股的庄家是强庄,投资者可即时介入,后市获利相当可观。   
3.当ADX与ADXR线相距很近,呈向上运行时,负DI快速接近ADX与ADXR这两条引导线,表明股价将有一段下跌行情,如负DI快速接近并越至ADX与ADXR上边且ADX与ADXR形成交叉时,意味着股价将会有急速下跌行情,表明该股的庄家出逃迹象明显,持股者应立即不计成本地抛出离场,以免蒙受惨重损失。  
4.在涨势中,ADX与ADXR形成死叉,意味着涨势即将结束,在跌势中,ADX与ADXR形成交叉,意味着跌势即将结束。

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:10

安德鲁鱼叉系统

安德鲁鱼叉系统
Andrews’ Pitchfork is an instrument consisting of three parallel Trend Lines. This instrument was developed by Dr. Alan Andrews.
3 条平行直线的趋势线,由安德鲁博士最先发现。
The first trend line starts in a selected extreme left point (it is an important peak or trough) and is drawn exactly between two extreme right points. This line is the "handle" of pitchfork. Then, the second and the third trend line issuing from two above-mentioned extreme right points (important peak and trough) is drawn parallel to the first one. These lines are "tines" of the pitchfork.
左边的峰谷或者峰顶发展出的趋势线是叉把,右边的临近峰值发展出叉的两个尖齿。
In our discussion of Andrews Pitchforks, the terms “price pivot,” and “pivot point” will be used quite often.A pivot point is the location of a price reversal.At a pivot point, price bars change direction. When price changes from an upward to a downward direction, a “top pivot” is formed.When price changes from a downward to an upward direction, a “bottom pivot” is formed.The following chart gives examples of pivots.
Multi-Pivot lines
Standard pivot lines (or trend lines) can be drawn by connecting two pivots. However, connecting several pivots creates a multi-pivot line. When drawing a multi-pivot line, it is not necessary to run through the exact high or low of each pivot. It is only necessary to be as close to each pivot as possible.Looking for trend lines that can be drawn through a large number of pivots is important.The more pivots through which the trend line passes, the more accurate the trend line will be in predicting future support and resistance.
一大段英文就一句话:短期的极值点叫做轴心点(附近价格运动受其附近轴心影响),轴心点的连线就是我们常说的趋势线了。
The Andrews Pitchfork
Alan Andrew’s Pitchfork consists of four main lines. The first line is the only line that is not provided by the Andrews Pitchfork indicator tool. This line must be constructed by connecting two pivots that are a recent high and low of a price swing.Once the line has been constructed, move your cursor so that it is touching the line and right click. When you right click the mouse, a list of indicators will be displayed.Move your cursor so that “Andrews Pitchfork” is highlighted and left click. The Andrews Pitchfork will now appear on the screen.   
选择两个轴心点(一高价轴心,一低价轴心),拉动鼠标到临近第三个轴心,安德鲁鱼叉就自动由计算机生成了。
The Median Line Within the Andrews Pitchfork
The next line within the Andrews Pitchfork is the most important. This Line is the median line. The median line runs through the center of the first line, which you drew on your chart, and it determines the angle of the Andrews Pitchfork. To properly position Andrews Pitchfork, locate a third pivot that occurs before the price swing. Usually this will be the pivot immediately before the price swing, but it does not have to be. Once you have located the pivot that you will be using, move the tail end of the median line so that it touches the pivot.
三条平行线的中心那条最重要,他平分了两轴心连线的中心,决定了鱼叉的角度。
Three Median Line Trading Principals
After years of use with the pitchfork and median line, Andrews made several observations that are important for traders. These observations can be summed into three basic principals that can help a trader know what to expect when using the median line of the Andrews Pitchfork.
1.      When a median line is drawn from the most recent swings, the price will return to the median line approximately 80% of the time.
2.      When price returns to the median line, a pivot will usually occur.
3.      When price returns to the median line, it will often make several small price swings on and around the top and bottom of the median line before continuing on.
鱼叉使用三原则:
1:鱼叉八成都能捕获到鱼(价格运动回归中心线)
Dr. Andrews suggested that prices make it to the median line (or handle) about 80% of the time while the price trend is in place.This means that while the basic long term price trend remains intact, Dr. Andrews believed that the smaller trends in price would gravitate toward the median line while the larger price trend remained in tact.When that does not occur, it may be evidence that a reversal in the larger price trend may be in progress or provides evidence of a stronger bias at work in market.When price fails to make it to the medial line from either side, it is often an expression of the relative enthusiasm of buyers and sellers and may predict the next major direction of prices.If prices fail to reach the median line while above the median line, it is a bullish and failing to reach the median line from below is bearish.
回归中心线证明长期基本趋势仍然存在,如果没有回归显示反转正在发生或者市场相对原有趋势出现了剧烈的偏离。在回归的过程中受到中心线的支撑和压制反映出买方和买方的交易信心。
2:一旦捕获(价格运动回归中心线)即刻生成新轴心点。
3:一旦捕获(价格运动回归中心线)一定被中心线固定住一段(中心线附近波动一段)

Locating highs and lows
The trick to trading these signals is being able to properly locate a true high or low in the market as opposed to a pause in the market trend. There are 3 different pattern formations you can use to help you determine a true reversal.
鱼叉的使用目的:识别真正的高低转折点和短时极值点,以便确定趋势的反转。
Method 1: Wait for a second pivot point on your lower or upper parallel line.
方法一:新轴心点的相对位置。
Method 2: Look for center points within the pitchfork.
方法二:围绕鱼叉中心点是否据有支撑或阻挡的能量。
Method 3: Recognize reversals by analyzing candlestick patterns. There are 3 common reversal patterns found within candlestick formations.
方法三:参考轴心点K线组合的反转作用
A Fourth Median Line Trading Principal
If price does not reach the median line, price will move in the opposite direction more than the previous swing size.
This principal can be used to set a price target after price fails to reach the Median line.After price fails to reach the median line, the first price target is either the high or low of the two pivots selected in constructing the first line of the Andrews Pitchfork. This holds true because once price fails to reach the median line, it will move in the opposite direction more than the previous swing size.
一但鱼儿逃脱会迅速的脱离危险的鱼叉出没地。(逃离附近的轴心点的控制)
Upper and Lower Parallel Lines of the Andrews Pitchfork
The remaining lines, which make up the Andrews Pitchfork, are the upper and lower parallel lines of the median line. Upper and lower parallel lines are used in conjunction with signal lines.
Signal Lines
The chart below displays a pitchfork with points labeled A, B, and C.Point A is the pivot that occurred before the price swing.Points B and C are where the upper and lower parallel lines extend from the original line you drew. Connecting points A and B gives you an upper signal line and connecting points A and C gives you a lower signal line.These signal lines can give signals to either buy or sell when used with a few trading rules.
一旦突破了蓝色的信号线,就是转势的明确信号了。
The Andrews Pitchfork with Signal Lines Trading Rules
Buy Rule 1:Buy when price breaks above a downward sloping upper parallel line. It’s an indication of market strength
Buy Rule 2:Buy on a downward sloping pitchfork and an upper signal line when price reverses without touching the median line and breaks the upper signal line.
Sell Rule 1:Sell when price breaks below an upward sloping lower parallel line. It’s an indication of market weakness
Sell Rule 2:Sell on an upward sloping pitchfork and a lower signal line when price reverses without touching the median line and breaks below the lower signal line.
突破单边既是交易触发点。
Mini Andrews Pitchforks   
Mini Andrews Pitchforks are drawn the same way as normal Andrews Pitchforks, except they are drawn with the use of much smaller pivots. Mini Andrews Pitchforks are applied to charts to search for a signal from a larger Andrews Pitchfork. The Mini Andrews Pitchfork will often give a signal before the larger Andrews Pitchfork. An aggressive trader may use the Mini Andrews Pitchfork signals alone, but often they are used with a larger Andrews Pitchfork to find signals before they are given.
The buy and sell rules for the median lines of Mini Andrews Pitchforks are the same as the buy and sell rules for the median lines of regular Andrews Pitchforks.
The Mini Andrews Pitchfork will not always be used to give early indication of buy or sell signals along a current trend. Sometimes the Mini Andrews Pitchfork will be used to determine which direction price will move while it makes a sideways formation within a larger Andrews Pitchfork.
The following chart contains a Mini Pitchfork within a Large Pitchfork. Here, the use of a Mini Andrews Pitchfork with signal lines can help determine whether price will rise to the upper parallel line, or fall back down to the lower parallel line of the large pitchfork.A downward Mini Andrews Pitchfork is drawn in red. Price is unable to drop to the mini’s median line and then rises above the lower mini signal line. This move indicates a mini buy signal, which can be used to enter the market.
迷你安德鲁鱼叉是在大鱼叉分析中的小鱼叉分析,使用方法和大的一样,就不翻译了。大家先慢慢的品着—
Andrews Pitchfork
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/5/13/12/leson1234,20070513234210.gif
http://images.blogcn.com/2007/5/13/12/leson1234,20070513234226.gif

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:11

我的一种思路:技术分析的内禀的不确定性

我的一种思路:技术分析的内禀的不确定性

newsin

技术分析的内禀的不确定性    股市分析不外乎基本分析和技术分析,如果把易学、星象等方法算作玄学分析方法的话,那就有三种。股市分析方法的基本逻辑可表示为:(只讨论股票涨的情况)
    逻辑1:模式1===>股票涨
    也就是说,“模式1”是“股票涨”的充分条件。各种分析的目的就在于找到这样的条件组合,这些组合可以预测出来股票将会上涨。比如:基本面分析找到的条件为:公司盈利不断上升,所以股票会上涨;技术分析找到的条件为:形态上股价已经出现双底,所以股价会上涨。可是基于上百年来没有人百分之百准确地预测过市场的事实,说明这种“模式1”并不存在或者说还没有被发现。
    认真考察一下各种技术分析的发展过程,可以发现技术分析的逻辑过程其实是:
    逻辑2:股票涨====>模式2
    技术分析的一个假设是“历史会重演”,技术分析的创设是基于“历史的、确定的”的股价走势发展出来的,也就是说先有已经发生过的股价走势,后有技术分析,然后希望历史会重演,从而带来预测的效果。比如:一个典型的技术分析方法创设过程是这样的:1、先搜集过去一段时间的股价走势。2、找去每次股价要大幅上涨前的相似特征。3、在随后有股市中再进行检验。
    学过逻辑学的人都知道,“逻辑2”意味着“模式2”只是“股票涨”的必要条件,而不是充分条件。
    逻辑学定理:一个命题与其逆否命题是等价的。
    因此,由“逻辑2”可以得出:
    逻辑3:没有模式2====>股票不会涨
    “逻辑3”就是技术分析的全部意义。 比如:股票涨===>出现双底形态。这种分析的意义就在于它的逆否命题“如果没有出现双底形态那么股票不会涨”,也就是必须购买“有双底形态的股票”。但是同时要记住“有双底形态股票不一定会涨”,所以一定要有风险控制机制,要有止损方法。
    结论:
    1、现有技术分析方法寻找到的都是股票走势的必要条件而非充分条件,不能用于预测肥股票走势。
    2、技术分析的全部意义在于它的逆否命题。
    3、技术分析的不确定性是由于它内在的结构决定的,与是什么方法没有关系,也就是说任何技术分析方法都会存在不确定性。不存在不确定性的技术分析方法是不存在的。

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:12

The development of a breakout

The development of a breakout

By Diane Krueger

For novice traders, using breakouts may seem like a piece of cake. Wait for the price to move up or down, then trade. However, trading breakouts requires more knowledge, patience and expertise than some traders think.

There are many ways to trade breakouts, but the concept remains the same. Breakouts generally involve a rise in a commodity’s price above the major moving averages, a resistance level, usually its previous high, or a drop below a support level, its previous low. Support and resistance are important concepts for traders to understand when using breakouts. Support is a price level a commodity has difficulty falling below. In contrast, resistance is a price level a commodity has difficulty rising above. A breakout can occur after breaking an all-time high, also. Trading breakouts involves putting yourself in the direction of a trend. Therefore, because trends are temporary, it is important for traders to monitor price levels to trade with the trend and avoid losses.An important point to remember when using breakouts, as a general rule, is volume picks up noticeably with the break of prices into a new trend or out of congestion. If the breakout is not accompanied by an increase in volume, it is likely to be a false breakout and prices will return to their previous levels quickly.

When there are more buyers than sellers and demand overwhelms supply, a bullish breakout should transpire. Bullish breakouts usually occur with significant increases in volume over average daily trading activity. Conversely, when there are more sellers than buyers and supply overwhelms demand, a bearish breakout should occur. Significant increases in volume for bearish breakouts also should take place.

Generally, it is a bad sign if a breakout is not accompanied by an increase in volume. Most breakouts normally are followed by an eventual pull back and test of the breakout point. It is important for traders not to buy or sell in the face of an immediate break in support or resistance levels because if the breakout is fleeting, prices will return to prior levels quickly. For example, if you felt the price at which you bought was extended from the breakout and you sold, you may want to re-enter if the retest of the breakout holds and price bounces on good volume.

“The primary advantage to buying or selling on a breakout is that it forces you to go with the trend and it forces you to wait for a trend to develop before entering,” says Jay Kaeppel, director of research at Wheaton, Ill.-based Essex Trading Group and author of The Four Biggest Mistakes in Futures Trading. “While you may sometimes get into a trade late waiting for a breakout, you don’t have to predict which direction the market is going or enter a trade and wait around hoping that the market will go in the direction you predicted. You simply wait for the market to tell you.”

Confirmation tips
After breaking a support or resistance level, it’s common for traders to question the new price levels. For example, after a breakout above a resistance level, buyers may question the validity of the new level and decide to sell. This creates a situation commonly referred to as trader’s remorse.

Prices often return to a support or resistance level following a price breakout. Novice traders can get caught in the undertow of trader’s remorse if caution is not taken. A seasoned trader may have noticed a lack of volume increase and decided to take his profits and run. While the new trader, not paying attention to volume levels, gets caught in the selling fury and suffers significant losses.

Breaking the levels of support or resistance can be triggered by a variety of factors that are above or below traders’ expectations. Changes in earnings, management and competition can all contribute to a breakout. An informed trader needs to be familiar with and monitor the possible causes of a break in support or resistance levels.

“As with any trading method, there will be some false signals,” says Rose Wang Chin, principal at New York-based Carat Capital LLC. “Also, breakouts may get you into a trade once the trend has been underway for a while. You may miss a portion of the move or get in just in time for a reversal.”

Beware of those dangerous moves, echoes Mark Leibovit, chief market strategist at Sedona, Ariz.-based VRTrader.com. “False breakouts can create whipsaws. A key is determining ahead of time, as best as practicable, where you are in the move. A breakout near the top of a move, for example, especially accompanied by good news, might be a bull trap.”

A good way to affirm your expectations following a breakout is to examine the volume associated with the price breakout. If prices break through support or resistance levels with a large increase in volume and the trader’s remorse period is on relatively low volume, it implies that the new levels will remain.

Conversely, if the breakout is on moderate volume and the remorse period is on increased volume, it suggests traders are not confident with the new price levels and a return to previous levels occurs. Using filters, increasing the time frame before making the trade and using other forms of technical analysis may help to alleviate getting caught in a false breakout or being affected by trader’s remorse.

“I usually buy in two stages,” says Lawrence G. McMillan, president of Morristwn, N.J.-based McMillan Analysis Corp. “I buy a half position when the futures trade at prices above resistance and complete the position by buying the other half if prices close above the breakout level that day. In this way, if it’s a false breakout, you’ve only taken half a position.”

Wang Chin suggests an idea used by professional traders: “Historically, breakout systems have been one of the better risk-adjusted technical trading systems. They result in the trader following the underlying trend, while avoiding some false movements in the markets.”

Making the trade
There are several different ways to trade breakouts. Monitoring patterns within consolidations; tops and bottoms; highs and lows; moving averages; daily, weekly or monthly prices are just a few ways to look for breakouts. But, solely relying on one method can be harmful to a trader’s financial health. As is the case with other forms of technical analysis, a variety of data needs to be collected and analyzed to make an informed trade.

“When trading breakouts, I don’t use any particular system other than to note where prices have met resistance at least two times previously,” McMillan says. “Then, any subsequent move above those resistance levels is an upside breakout. The more resistance that has built up preceding the breakout, the better I will like the breakout when it eventually occurs.

“On the other hand, if you don’t notice the breakout until after it’s already occurred, presumably the day after you spot the breakout on a chart, then I wouldn’t chase it. I would attempt to buy it on a pullback to levels just above the breakout level.”

The methods traders use for monitoring breakouts are a lot like snowflakes - no two are alike. Finding a method that you feel comfortable with and that actually works is a challenge for some traders. Because of the particular dynamics involved in trading breakouts, many traders have developed idiosyncratic signals or techniques that will alert them when a breakout occurs.

“I don’t like buying or selling to enter a new trade based simply on when the market makes a new 10-day high, for example,” Kaeppel says. “I prefer to buy or sell breakouts based on some multiple of the 10-day standard deviation of daily price movement or some multiple of the 10-day average daily range. Using these methods, the trigger points adjust automatically to current market conditions.”

Breakouts provide traders with a place to set stops. For example, a short seller could set a buy stop above the market. This would limit the losses on short positions established under the assumption that selling pressure would limit price advances.

“I use trailing stops once the profits begin to accumulate. After the breakout, if the contracts move nicely higher, then I will begin using the 20-day simple moving average as a mental closing stop. This method automatically forces the trailing stop higher as prices continue to rise. Also, it’s never a bad idea to take some partial profits along the way, to reduce your overall risk and to lock in some profits,” McMillan says.

Although the methods may vary, the goal remains the same. To spot and profitably trade new breakouts is the desired objective for any trader. However, keeping your eyes on the prize can be difficult in the fast-paced and constantly changing world of breakouts.

Trading breakouts is not a walk in the park. Spotting breakouts before they occur is a difficult task. There are necessary precautions that need to be taken to stave off debilitating losses. A trader needs to have some type of stop-loss provision in place before trading breakouts. Because many breakouts fail, establishing a stop-loss provision can help cut your losses in the midst of a collapsing breakout.

“I would stop myself out if prices closed back below the breakout level,” says McMillan. “That means it was a failed breakout.”

Another disadvantage to using breakouts is slippage costs. The difference between the estimated and actual prices you pay and receive on your trades could be large with breakouts. “If you are doing large size it may be difficult to get filled at your stop price if you are buying into a strong new up trend or selling into a strong downtrend,” Kaeppel says.

When trading breakouts, you nearly always start the trade with profits. The possibility of a lucrative payoff is what attracts some to trading breakouts. However, the momentum required to create the breakout may be fleeting and losses may ensue. Novice traders are not aware of the possible dangers that lurk around the corner. Whether the momentum carries through and creates profits is an uncertainty traders must be aware of when using breakouts.

Deciphering the difference between a real breakout and a false breakout is crucial for making successful trades. There are many factors that contribute to breakouts. Traders must be prepared and have done the homework to trade breakouts before they actually show up on charts.

Discipline is an important quality for any trader, but especially for one who trades breakouts. A trader needs to be patient and wait for the breakout to develop. Often times there are many false signals that may lead an unprepared trader in the wrong direction. Trading breakouts requires paying attention to the many factors that make up a breakout. Volume and the extent of the price movement must be considered carefully to determine that a breakout really has occurred. This is where the discipline is needed. When traders see price levels breaking resistance or support levels they must wait to see if it truly is a breakout.

“A lot of breakouts fail,” Kaeppel says. “It takes a great deal of discipline to keep entering orders to buy on the next upside breakout when the last three upside breakouts failed and resulted in losses.”

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:13

Heikin-Ashi Explained

Heikin-Ashi Explained
- by Howard Arrington

The February 2004 issue of ‘Technical Analysis of Stocks and Commodities’ magazine contains an article by Dan Valcu titled ‘Using The Heikin-Ashi Technique’.&<60; Too often traders hear about a technique and think the ‘holy grail’ train is leaving the station and they rush to get on board without taking time to understand what it is all about.&<60; The purpose of this article is to comment in greater detail on the visual presentation created by the mathematics of the method.

Mr. Valcu says that ‘heikin’ in Japanese means ‘average’ and ‘ashi’ means ‘bar’.&<60; So a literal translation would be ‘average bar’.&<60;&<60; Indeed, the method employs an averaging technique as follows:

haClose = (Open + High + Low&<60; + Close) / 4
haOpen = (haOpen(previous bar) + haClose(previous bar))/2
haHigh&<60; =&<60; Maximum(High, haOpen)
haLow&<60; =&<60; Minimum(Low, haOpen)
Now for those who have pulled out the Valcu article and compared his formulas with those given above, please do not be too quick to claim that I made a mistake in plagiarizing the formulas.&<60; My formulas are equivalent and it represents one of the criticisms I have.

haHigh and haLow

Mr. Valcu’s formulas in the article were give as:

haHigh&<60; =&<60; Maximum(High, haOpen, haClose)
haLow&<60; =&<60; Minimum(Low, haOpen, haClose)
It is mathematically impossible for the haClose to be higher than the bar High, or lower than the bar Low.&<60;&<60; haClose is an average of the bar’s open, high, low and close.&<60;&<60; The open must be in the high-low range.&<60; The close must be in the high-low range.&<60;&<60; The low must be equal to or lower than the high.&<60; Therefore, the haClose can never be higher than the High, nor lower than the Low.

Because the haClose can never be higher than the High, the Heikin-Ashi High does not need to test for the haClose as a possible price that would set haHigh.&<60;&<60; Choosing the higher of High and haOpen is sufficient.&<60;&<60; The same reasoning applies to picking a price for the Heikin-Ashi Low.&<60;&<60; Choosing the lower of Low and haOpen is sufficient.&<60; haLow does not need to consider haClose because haClose will never be lower than the Low.

I consider it unfortunate that Mr. Valcu did not understand these principles before he published his article.&<60; And, every programmer who published script code to implement Heikin-Ashi in their charting package used the Valcu formulas with scripts similar to this example:

haHigh = MaxList( H, haOpen, haClose);
haLow = MinList( L, haOpen, haClose);
Not one of the twelve programmers who published scripts in Stocks and Commodities magazine pointed out that testing for haClose is unnecessary because it is an impossibility.&<60;&<60;&<60; It does not hurt to test for it, but it is an unnecessary step.&<60; Missing something obvious like this makes me wonder just how much serious thinking is being made to understand what this technique is all about.&<60;&<60; Now, let’s leave that issue and continue with the analysis.
&<60;

haClose

The Heikin-Ashi Close is the average of four bar prices:&<60; open, high, low and close.&<60;&<60; This creates an interesting effect in strongly trending markets which I feel is misleading for chart readers.&<60; Let me illustrate the effect with the following example.



The example shows the original bar data in the top half of the chart, and the Heikin-Ashi method in the bottom half.&<60;Ensign Windows was used to prepare the examples.&<60;Bars 1 through 4 are strongly trending up, and bars 5 through 8 are strongly trending down.&<60;Now permit me to point out several things by comparing the two images.

The Heikin-Ashi data points are also shown on the original chart using small red dots, connected by solid red lines through the highs and lows, and a dotted red line through the closes.&<60;&<60; These dots and lines will aid in the comparison of what Heikin-Ashi is doing to ‘average’ the original bar data.

In an Up candle the haClose will always be below the actual close, and in a Down candle, the haClose will always be above the actual close.&<60;These two principles are illustrated by comparing the position of the close red dots to the bar closes in the Original chart image.&<60;In fact, haUp candles will ALWAYS have a high wick, and haDown candles will ALWAYS have a low wick.&<60;This is a built in behavior that may surprise most Heikin-Ashi candle readers.&<60;It is one of the primary areas I feel is misleading.

Note:&<60; haUp candles may or may not have a low wick.&<60;haDown candles may or may not have a high wick.



A wick on the top of a regular Up candle implies that selling pressure has moved the market back down from the high.&<60;Thus, I consider it misleading to see a high wick on a Heikin-Ashi up candle when no selling pressure is present.&<60;The inverse applies to low wicks.&<60;A wick on the bottom of a regular Down candle implies that buying pressure has moved the market off of the low.&<60;Again, it is misleading using conventional interpretation for low wicks to be present on a Heikin-Ashi down candle when no buying pressure is present.

Mathematically the haClose can never exceed 75% of the original bar’s range.&<60;75% would be achieved when the Open and the Close occur at the extreme of the bar’s High.&<60;In that case, haClose = (H+H+H+L)/4.&<60;&<60;

Simple example:&<60; O=4, H=4, C=4, L=0,&<60; so haClose = 12 / 4 = 3&<60;&<60;

So the maximum haClose value is 3/4th of the range because the range was 4.&<60;Thus the high wick size in an Up candle will be 25% of the original bar range or greater.&<60;The low wick size in a Down candle will be 25% of the original bar range or more.

In the Chartpoint Magazine, No. 12 (2003), Yashuji Yamanaka gives five rules for trading the Heikin-Ashi charts.&<60; His Rule 2 reads, ‘Positive candle with upper shadow means “strong BUY”‘, and ‘Negative candle with lower shadow means “strong SELL”‘.&<60;I have proved out that every haUp candle must have a high wick, and every haDown candle must have a low wick.&<60;Therefore, Rule 2 would have EVERY Heikin-Ashi candle be either a ’strong BUY’ or a ’strong SELL’.&<60;This obviously is not the case, so I must conclude that Yamanaka’s Rule 2 is an illogical statement.
&<60;

haOpen

The haOpen formula can be stated more simply as the midpoint of the prior Heikin-Ashi bar’s candle body.&<60;See the graphical illustration of this where the cyan lines from the prior bar’s candle body range point to the candle body midpoint.&<60;This midpoint is used as the open of the following Heikin-Ashi bar.



The haOpen can be outside of the original bar’s range.&<60;Therefore, the range of the Heikin-Ashi bar is extended to include the haOpen price.&<60;This extension is done by choosing the higher of High and haOpen for the haHigh, and the lower of Low and haOpen for the haLow.&<60;Mr. Valcu describes this process as eliminating ‘irregularities from a normal chart’, and creating a ‘better picture of trends’.&<60;My opinion is that this process is creating misleading perceptions.&<60;Let’s look again at the example.



One misperception in the Heikin-Ashi chart is the absence of gaps.&<60;&<60; There are 6 gaps in the original chart and they have all been ‘averaged’ out of the picture.&<60; If gaps mean something to you either as an indication of momentum or a price level that will eventually be filled, you will have to do without that insight when you use Heikin-Ashi charts.

Another misperception in the Heikin-Ashi chart is the length of the bars.&<60; In our example many of the HA bars are twice as tall as the original bars.&<60; HA bars will always overlap a portion of the bar on its left-hand side.&<60; In the up trending portion of the example, the HA Lows are all lower then the original lows, giving the impression the market traded at prices during that time period when no such trading occurred.&<60;&<60; As an example, consider bar #3.&<60; The original bar price range is from 700 to 740.&<60;&<60; The Heikin-Ashi bar implied that during the #3 time period, the trading was from 640 to 740.&<60; That is misleading.&<60; The visual presentation does not make any differentiation between the portion of the range that is actual and the portion that is invented.

Another misperception is the combination of bar #4 and bar #5.&<60; On the original chart, these two bars make a formation known as a Key Reversal Pair.&<60; That significant information is totally lost in the Heikin-Ashi chart.&<60; In fact, bar #5 on the HA chart is shown as an Up candle which is 100% opposite what actually happened.&<60; That too is misleading in my opinion.
&<60;

Summary

I guess by now you have concluded I am not overly impressed with the Heikin-Ashi method.&<60; It may be serving a beneficial purpose for many of you, and if so, that is wonderful.&<60; I encourage you to continue using what works for you.&<60; Heikin-Ashi charts are included in Ensign Windows because users asked for it.&<60; But, I do not know if it is going to help anyone trade more profitably.&<60; Seasoned trader Ira Tunik recently stated,&<60; ‘There are those that are constantly looking for the Holy Grail and every new or revived study or tool is necessary.&<60; Over the years I have found that the majority of the exotic, complicated and supposedly new studies don’t help anyone’s trading ability or profitability.’

Whatever the case may be, at least by reading and understanding the points made in this article you will be using the Heikin-Ashi method better informed about how it is creating ‘average bars’.

hefeiddd 发表于 2007-11-24 20:14

Heikin-Ashi: A Better Candlestick ???

Heikin-Ashi: A Better Candlestick ??? Most profits (and losses) are generated when markets are trending–so predicting trends correctly can be extremely helpful. Many traders use candlestick charts to help them locate such trends amid often erratic market volatility. The Heikin-Ashi technique–”average bar” in Japanese–is one of many techniques used in conjunction with candlestick charts to improve the isolation of trends and to predict future prices. Calculating the Modified Bars Normal candlestick charts are composed of a series of open-high-low-close (OHLC) bars set apart by a time series. The Heikin-Ashi technique uses a modified formula: xClose = (Open+High+Low+Close)/4 o Average price of the current bar xOpen = /2 o Midpoint of the previous bar xHigh = Max(High, xOpen, xClose) o Highest value in the set xLow = Min(Low, xOpen, xClose) o Lowest value in the set
&<60;Constructing the Chart The Heikin-Ashi chart is constructed like a regular candlestick chart (except with the new values above). The time series is defined by the user–depending on the type of chart desired (daily, hourly, etc.). The down days are represented by filled bars, while the up days are represented by empty bars. Finally, all of the same candlestick patterns apply.
Here is a normal candlestick chart:http://www.simple-as-123.net/Lavender/images/normal-candlestick-chart.gifHere is a Heikin-Ashi chart:http://www.simple-as-123.net/Lavender/images/Heikin-Ashi-chart.gif
Putting It to Use
These charts can be applied to many markets; however, they are most often used in the equity and commodity markets.
Traders often program these new instructions into existing trading programs, such as MetaTrader, or use many online tools (listed in the reference section below).
Finally, it can be applied via Microsoft Excel or other similar spreadsheet programs.
There are five primary signals that identify trends and buying opportunities:
Hollow candles with no lower “shadows” indicate a strong uptrend: let your profits ride! Hollow candles signify an uptrend: you might want to add to your long position, and exit short positions. One candle with a small body surrounded by upper and lower shadows indicates a trend change: risk-loving traders might buy or sell here, while others will wait for confirmation before going short or long. Filled candles indicate a downtrend: you might want to add to your short position, and exit long positions. [*]Filled candles with no higher shadows identify a strong downtrend: stay short until there’s a change in trend. These signals show that locating trends or opportunities becomes a lot easier with this system.
The trends are not interrupted by false signals as often, and are thus more easily spotted.
Furthermore, opportunities to buy during times of consolidation are also apparent.
Conclusion

The Heikin-Ashi technique is extremely useful for making candlestick charts more readable–trends can be located more easily, and buying opportunities can be spotted at a glance.
The charts are constructed in the same manner as a normal candlestick chart, with the exception of the modified bar formulas.
When properly used, this technique can help you spot trends and trend changes from which you can profit!
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