从传统空手道中解放出来
Liberate Yourself From Classical Karate by Bruce Lee I am the first to admit that any attempt to crystallize Jeet Kune Do into a written article is no easy task. Perhaps to avoid making a 'thing' out of a 'process'. I have not until now personally written an article on JKD. Indeed, it is difficult to explain what Jeet Kune Do is, although it may be easier to explain what it is not. Let me begin with a Zen story. The story might be familiar to some, but I repeat it for it's appropriateness. Look upon this story as a means of limbering up one's senses, one's attitude and one's mind to make them pliable and receptive. You need that to understand this article, otherwise you might as well forget reading any further. A learned man once went to a Zen teacher to inquire about Zen. As the Zen teacher explained, the learned man would frequently interrupt him with remarks like, "Oh, yes, we have that too...." and so on. Finally the Zen teacher stopped talking and began to serve tea to the learned man. He poured the cup full, and then kept pouring until the cup overflowed. "Enough!" the learned man once more interrupted. "No more can go into the cup!" "Indeed, I see," answered the Zen teacher. "If you do not first empty the cup, how can you taste my cup of tea?" I hope my comrades in the martial arts will read the following paragraphs with open-mindedness leaving all the burdens of preconceived opinions and conclusions behind. This act, by the way, has in itself liberating power. After all, the usefulness of the cup is in it's emptiness. Make this article relate to yourself, because though it is on JKD, it is primarily concerned with the blossoming of a martial artist---not a "Chinese" martial artist, a "Japanese" martial artist, etc. A martial artist is a human being first. Just as nationalities have nothing to do with one's humanity, so they have nothing to do with martial arts. Leave your protective shell of isolation and relate 'directly' to what is being said. Return to your senses by ceasing all the intervening intellectual mumbo jumbo. Remember that life is a constant process of relating. Remember too, that I seek neither your approval nor to influence you towards my way of thinking. I will be more than satisfied if, as a result of this article, you begin to investigate everything for yourself and cease to uncritically accept prescribed formulas that dictate "this is this" and "that is that". ON CHOICELESS OBSERVATION Suppose several persons who are trained in different styles of combative arts witness an all out street fight. I am sure that we would hear different versions from each of these stylists. This is quite understandable for one cannot see a fight (or anything else) "as is" as long as he is blinded by his chosen point of view, i.e. style, and he will view the fight through the lens of his particular conditioning. Fighting, "as is," is simple and total. It is not limited to your perspective conditioning as a Chinese martial artist. True observation begins when one sheds set patterns and true freedom of expression occurs when one is beyond systems. Before we examine Jeet Kune Do, let's consider exactly what a "classical" martial art style really is. To begin with, we must recognize the incontrovertible fact that regardless of their many colorful origins (by a wise, mysterious monk, by a special messenger in a dream, in a holy revelation, etc.) styles are created by men. A style should never be considered gospel truth, the laws and principles of which can never be violated. Man, the living, creating individual, is always more important than any established style. It is conceivable that a long time ago a certain martial artist discovered some partial truth. During his lifetime, the man resisted the temptation to organize this partial truth, although this is a common tendency in a man's search for security and certainty in life. After his death, his students took "his" hypotheses, "his" postulates, "his" method and turned them into law. Impressive creeds were then invented, solemn reinforcing ceremonies prescribed, rigid philosophy and patterns formulated, and son on, until finally an institution was erected. So, what originated as one man's intuition of some sort of personal fluidity has been transformed into solidified, fixed knowledge, complete with organized classified responses presented in a logical order. In so doing, the well-meaning, loyal followers have not only made this knowledge a holy shrine, but also a tomb in which they have buried the founder's wisdom. But distortion does not necessarily end here. In reaction to "the other truth," another martial artist, or possible a dissatisfied disciple, organizes an opposite approach--such as the "soft" style versus the "hard" style, the "internal" school versus the "external" school, and all these separate nonsenses. Soon this opposite faction also becomes a large organization, with its own laws and patterns. A rivalry begins, with each style claiming to possess the "truth" to the exclusions of all others. At best, styles are merely parts dissected from a unitary whole. All styles require adjustment, partiality, denials, condemnation and a lot of self- justification. The solutions they purport to provide are the very cause of the problem, because they limit and interfere with our natural growth and obstruct the way to genuine understanding. Divisive by nature, styles keep men 'apart' from each other rather than 'unite' them. TRUTH CANNOT BE STRUCTURED OR DEFINED One cannot express himself fully when imprisoned by a confining style. Combat "as is" is total, and it includes all the "is" as well as "is not," without favorite lines or angles. Lacking boundaries, combat is always fresh, alive and constantly changing. Your particular style, your personal inclinations and your physical makeup are all 'parts' of combat, but they do not constitute the 'whole' of combat. Should your responses become dependent upon any single part, you will react in terms of what "should be" rather than to the reality of the ever-changing "what is." Remember that while the whole is evidenced in all its parts, an isolated part, efficient or not, does not constitute the whole. Prolonged repetitious drillings will certainly yield mechanical precision and security of that kind comes from any routine. However, it is exactly this kind of "selective" security or "crutch" which limits or blocks the total growth of a martial artist. In fact, quite a few practitioners develop such a liking for and dependence on their "crutch" that they can no longer walk without it. Thus, anyone special technique, however cleverly designed is actually a hindrance. Let it be understood once and for all that I have NOT invented a new style, composite, or modification. I have in no way set Jeet Kune Do within a distinct form governed by laws that distinguish it from "this" style or "that" method. On the contrary, I hope to free my comrades from bondage to styles, patterns and doctrines. What, then, is Jeet Kune Do? Literally, "Jeet" means to intercept or to stop; "Kune" is the fist; and "do" is the way, the ultimate reality---the way of the intercepting fist. Do remember, however, that "Jeet Kune Do" is merely a convenient name. I am not interested with the term itself; I am interested in its effect of liberation when JKD is used as a mirror for self-examination. Unlike a "classical" martial art, there is no series of rules or classification of technique that constitutes a distinct "Jeet Kune Do" method of fighting. JKD is not a form of special conditioning with its own rigid philosophy. It looks at combat not from a single angle, but from all possible angles. While JKD utilizes all the ways and means to serve its end (after all, efficiency is anything that scores), it is bound by none and is therefore free. In other words, JKD possesses everything, but is in itself possessed by nothing. Therefore, to try and define JKD in terms of a distinct style---be it gung-fu, karate, street fighting, Bruce Lee's martial art, etc.---is to completely miss its meaning. It's teaching simply cannot be confined with a system. Since JKD is at once "this" and "not this", it neither opposes nor adheres to any style. To understand this fully, one must transcend from the duality of "for" and "against" into one organic unity which is without distinctions. Understanding of JKD is direct intuition of this unity. There are no prearranged sets or "kata" in the teaching of JKD, nor are they necessary. Consider the subtle difference between "having no form" and having "no form"; the first is ignorance, the second is transcendence. Through instinctive body feeling, each of us 'knows' our own most efficient and dynamic manner of achieving effective leverage, balance in motion, economical use of energy, etc. Patterns, techniques or forms touch only the fringe of genuine understanding. The core of understanding lies in the individual mind, and until that is touched, everything is uncertain and superficial. Truth cannot be perceived until we come to fully understand ourselves and our potentials. After all, 'knowledge in the martial arts ultimately means self-knowledge.' At this point you may ask, "How do I gain this knowledge?" That you will have to find out all by yourself. You must accept the fact that there is in help but self-help. For the same reason I cannot tell you how to "gain" freedom, since freedom exists within you. I cannot tell you what 'not' to do, I cannot tell you what you 'should' do, since that would be confining you to a particular approach. Formulas can only inhibit freedom, externally dictated prescriptions only squelch creativity and assure mediocrity. Bear in mind that the freedom that accrues from self-knowledge cannot be acquired through strict adherence to a formula; we do not suddenly "become" free, we simply "are" free. Learning is definitely not mere imitation, nor is it the ability to accumulate and regurgitate fixed knowledge. Learning is a constant process of discovery, a process without end. In JKD we begin not by accumulation but by discovering the cause of our ignorance, a discovery that involves a shedding process. Unfortunately, most students in the martial arts are conformists. Instead of learning to depend on themselves for expression, they blindly follow their instructors, no longer feeling alone, and finding security in mass imitation. The product of this imitation is a dependent mind. Independent inquiry, which is essential to genuine understanding, is sacrificed. Look around the martial arts and witness the assortment of routine performers, trick artists, desensitized robots, glorifiers of the past and so on---- all followers or exponents of organized despair. How often are we told by different "sensei" of "masters" that the martial arts are life itself? But how many of them truly understand what they are saying? Life is a constant movement---rhythmic as well as random; life is a constant change and not stagnation. Instead of choicelessly flowing with this process of change, many of these "masters", past and present, have built an illusion of fixed forms, rigidly subscribing to traditional concepts and techniques of the art, solidifying the ever-flowing, dissecting the totality. The most pitiful sight is to see sincere students earnestly repeating those imitative drills, listening to their own screams and spiritual yells. In most cases, the means these "sensei" offer their students are so elaborate that the student must give tremendous attention to them, until gradually he loses sight of the end. The students end up performing their methodical routines as a mere conditioned response, rather than 'responding to' "what is." They no longer "listen" to circumstances; they "recite" their circumstances. These pour souls have unwittingly become trapped in the miasma of classical martial arts training. A teacher, a really good sensei, is never a 'giver' of "truth"; he is a guide, a 'pointer' to the truth that the student must discover for himself. A good teacher, therefore, studies each student individually and encourages the student to explore himself, both internally and externally, until, ultimately, the student is integrated with his being. For example, a skillful teacher might spur his student's growth by confronting him with certain frustrations. A good teacher is a catalyst. Besides possessing a deep understanding, he must also have a responsive mind with great flexibility and sensitivity. A FINGER POINTING TO THE MOON There is no standard in total combat, and expression must be free. this liberating truth is a reality only in so far as it is 'experienced and lived' by the individual himself; it is a truth that transcends styles or disciplines. Remember, too, that Jeet Kune Do is merely a term, a label to be used as a boat to get one across; once across, it is to be discarded and not carried on one's back. These few paragraphs are, at best, a "finger pointing to the moon." Please do not take the finger to be the moon or fix your gaze so intently on the finger as to miss all the beautiful sights of heaven. After all, the usefulness of the finger is in pointing away from itself to the light which illumines finger and all.
1、什么是截拳道？
首先，我不得不承认任何一种想去具体地描述截拳道并将其成文的意图是很难实现的。一个人要想避免一件你必须做的事情是不可能的，但是，直到现在，我自己都没能写任何一篇有关截拳道的文章。确实，在我看来，想解释截拳道“不是什么”是件比较容易做的事情，而要解释截拳道“是什么”，这个问题是很难做到的。让我来讲讲禅的故事。这个故事有些人可能听起来很熟，但我仍然想重把它讲一遍。这个故事给人一种启发，它可以柔顺人的观点，开化人的脑筋，如果你明白了这个故事的含义，你就可以理解我的文章。否则，你最好别再往下读。
一位有学问的人曾经去拜访禅师并提出许多的问题要禅师回答，当禅师解答这些问题时，这位有学问的人又不断地插话表示他早已明白了禅师所讲的问题。最后，禅师不得不终止他们的谈话。他开始给那位有学问的人倒茶，禅师倒满了那杯茶水，但是他没有停手，他倒呀倒呀，茶杯中的水溢出来很多。“满了”那位有学问的人不断提示“茶杯倒不下了。”“是的，我知道，”禅师意味深长地说，“如果你带的茶杯不是空的，你怎么能品尝到我倒给的茶？”我希望我武术界的同仁抛开你们原先已经接受的观点和后来形成的模式，以虚心的态度来阅读我以下的文章，这样，你就能处在一种解放自己的力量中，毕竟，一只空杯子才是一只可以盛物的有用之杯。
首先，你要以身临其境的真实感来读这篇文章。我的这篇文章并不是单纯地在讲截拳道，它的最原始的涉及点是一位终极武术家，而这位武术家并不从属于或中国或日本亦或其它什么国家的武术家之列。这位武术家首先是具有普遍人格的人。就象一个人的性格根源于他的民族背景中一样，一位武术家永远不会将自己置身于武术之外。
其所以，读这篇文章时，你应该卸下你隔绝于世的保护壳，与我正谈的东西保持直接的联系。请停止你一切自以为是的打扰而保持注意力的集中。生命是一个不断地与人交往的过程。也请记住，之所以有这些要求，我并不是想要获得你的赞誉，也不是要强迫你来追随我，读完这篇文章后，如果你能从文章中得到一些启示而开始去认真地思考你所做的每一件事情，停止盲目地接受有这样或那样规定的所谓模式与套路，我将会感到很大的满足。
2、关于不审慎的观察
假设有几个受过不同格斗体系训练的练习者都目睹了一个全过程的街头格斗。我们可以理解一个人由于受到他自身观点，也就是他的格斗风格的限制，他不可能以“就是这样”的总结概括性的话来看这场格斗（或其他任何事情），他只是通过他所处的特殊位置，来看一场格斗的全过程。格斗，既简单又包罗万象，格斗不可能因为你是中国武术家，或是朝鲜武术家，或者其它什么国家的武术家而变得有所不同，因此它不会限制你的观察力和自身所处境况。武术家真正所观察的，应是习武者演示的格斗技巧和属于他的武术体系的真正自由的格斗表达。
在我们解释截拳道之前，让我们来确切地思考一下真正的传统武术风格是什么。首先，我们必须认识一种无可非议的事实：除去传统武术的丰富起源（诸如某种武术体系或来源于聪明的神猴，或来源于某人梦境中一个特殊的信息，亦或是与一处神圣的殿堂相关等等），各种武术风格均由人来创造。一种武术风格从来就不应该被信奉为真理，武术的法规与原理因此也就从来不可能被人背叛。人，活着的人，创造武术的人要比任何已经建立的各种武术体系重要得多，也更有价值。
可以确信，一定是多年以前，某一位武术家发现了武术中的部分真理，在这位武术家的整个生命过程中，他坚定地完善着他的带着他个人倾向的偏见的真理，虽然这种倾向性的真理是一个人在他的生命过程中为自己寻找安全感与认可性所拥有的一般性常识。但是，在他死后，他的学生们开始将“他的”假设，“他的”设想，“他的”爱好和“他的”方法转变为学生们应该执行的法规。强迫性的屈服由此产生，庄严固定的仪式成为后人无条件信奉的标志，粗糙哲理和格斗技巧也形成了公式等等，这一切不断在进行，直到有一天一个有关的协会开始建立。当一个组织开始成立以后，人们某此流动的未完直觉开始硬化，知识开始封闭固定，一些早已呈现出的有组织有体系的反应也开始形成一种合法的规定。这样做的结果意味着那些忠实的信徒不仅仅将他们先人的知识封存于一所神圣的殿堂中，他们也已经将他们先人的智慧埋葬在了那个庙宇中。
到此为止，对传统武术的歪曲并没有停止。为了与“那些人的真理”对抗，另外的一些武术家或许可能是不满于自己先辈的徒弟，他们开始组织一个对抗的观念――诸如以“柔式”武术来对抗“硬式”武术，以“内功”训练来对抗“外功”训练，其实所有这些分歧只是一种糊涂的表象。这种对抗性的事实结果是一个大规模的、拥有自己法规与格斗技巧的对抗性组织形成。由此，每一种风格的武术体系的练习者们开始声称自己拥有“真理”而开始排斥其它的武术组织，各武术组织的竞争开始了。
其实，各种武术类型其量也仅仅是武术整体中的一个分离体。所有的武术类型都有调整性、偏见性、否定性、反叛性以及过多的自我辩解性。各种体系的武术家试图提供解决分歧的办法只是引发问题的开端，因为他们的办法均限制和干涉了后人武术的自然发展，也同时阻碍了后人对武术所拥有的天才的理解力。通过这种自然分化，各种武术风格开始脱离整体武术体系而游离为一个单独的部分。
3、真理不能被限定
当一位习武者被禁闭于一种限定的武术风格时，他就不能够自由地表现他自己。格斗中“诸如这样”的用语是对武术格斗的总概括，这个用语即说明了武术“是什么”也说明了武术“不是什么”，这句用语也没有表现是赞成“直接”的格斗还是赞成有“角度”的格斗。取消武术体系中的界线，格斗就永远新鲜，充满活力，变化无常。否则，你特殊的格斗风格，你的个人爱好，以及你的身体和性格永远只是格斗中的部分而不能组成格斗的全部。格斗中，你的格斗反映只会变成作为任何一个单独部分的依靠。你的格斗反应只会依据套路固定的程度表现为“应该是什么”而不是真正的瞬息万变的格斗中所要求的“是什么”。请记住，格斗的整体由格斗所有的各个部分组成，而一个孤立的部分，不管它是无效格斗还是有效格斗，这个部分永远不会成为整体。
习武者长时间反复的套路训练，肯定会对日常的习武功课产生机械的准确性和狭隘的安全感。毫无疑问，这种武术套路所引发的有选择的安全感或者可以称为“武术拐杖”的限制，阻碍了武术家的全面成长。事实上，许多的练习者都在发展自己对“武术拐杖”———套路的依靠和爱好而不再会独立地自己行走。这样，任何一种特殊技术无论它怎样地充满聪明与才智，它实际上是人类前进的障碍物。
以上阐述只是为了加深读者的理解。我并没有发明一种全新风格的，或综合性的，亦或是修正性的武术体系，我也决不将截拳道建立成受某些规则控制的区别于“这种风格”或“那种方法”的固定套路。相反，我希望解放我的同仁们，使他们不再受格斗风格、武术形式和各种主义的奴役。
那么，什么是截拳道？本意上讲“截”就是拦截或阻截；“拳”就是拳法；“道”是普遍的规律方法和最终的实现方式。截拳道的基本概念就是：拦截拳击的方法。请记住，取“截拳道”这个名称只是为了叫法上便利，我并没有让它有什么特殊的含义。我感到欣慰的是它本身的解放效应，因为它可以充当习武者自我检验的镜子。
与传统武术不同，截拳道并没有系列的规则和明确的格斗方法所组成的技术分类。截拳道没有特殊情况的套路和僵化的哲理。它的格斗看上去并不是来自一个单一的角度，而是来自所有可能的角度。截拳道利用所有的格斗方式和方法去赢得一个满意的结果（毕竟，格斗的效率是胜者无言的标志。），截拳道是自由的，它不被任何东西束缚。另一方面讲，截拳道包含万家，而又不为万家所包含。
如果有人将截拳道看作一种特定的模式而将它固定和限制在中国功夫、日本空手道、街头格斗、李小龙武术等等的范围内就会完全误解截拳道。截拳道不能被限制在一个体系中。截拳道既是“这样”又“不是这样”，它既不拥有任何武术体系的风格，也不追随任何武术体系的风格。要想充分地理解截拳道，习武者就必须超越“对抗”与“联合”的双重性而将这两点看作一个无差别的有机整体，截拳道的理解是习武者对这个整体的直觉感觉。
截拳道的教授中没有预定的动作设计或套路，截拳道中也根本不需要这些东西。但是，我们应该考虑到“不成套路”与“无套路”之间的微妙区别，前者代表无知，后者则是超越。通过人体的直觉感应，我们蹭的每个人都要知道用最有的最具原动力的方法去设计一个有效力量，平衡运动，气力的经济使用等等，武术中的形式、技术或者套路所涉及的东西仅仅使人们处在了对武术天才理解的边缘。理解的核心部分则深藏于每个人的头脑中。在人们达到核心理解之前，任何东西都不是确定和表面化的。在我们最终全面地理解了我们自己和我们的潜在力后我们才能真正领悟真理。毕竟，武术知识本质上是自如。
鉴于这一点，你可能要问：“我怎样获得这种知识？”这就要靠你自己来发现。你必须接受一个事实，那就是除了你自己任何人都帮助不了你。就像我不能够告诉你如何去得到自由一样，因为自由存在于自我之中，所以，我不能够告诉你怎样去自知。我能告诉你什么不能做，我却不能告诉你应该做什么，因为那样会阻碍你进入武术的特殊境界。公式化的东西只能限制你的自由，外在的支配人的命令仅仅是为压制人的创造力，确保人的平庸。养育在人的头脑中的从人的自知中自然增长的自由，不可能由巨大的障碍物和公式化的武术中赢得。在很多时候我们仅仅“是”自由而不可能突然地“变得”自由。明确地说，学习并不仅仅是模仿，也不只是人的一种积累和固定知识回流的能力。学习是一个不断发现的过程，这个过程永无终结。在截拳道中，我们不可以积累开始，而是以发现我们无知的缘由开始，发现始终活跃于整个学习的过程中。
不幸的是武术界众多的习武者只是扮演追随者的角色。他们只是依靠自己的有限表达来替代学习，他们盲目地跟从他们的教练，他们不感到寂寞，而是在一个又一个的模仿全感。模仿的产品就是一个不独立的大脑，独立的探究――这个天才理解力的要素被废弃。看一看你周围的武术你就会发现那些平凡的武术类别的表演者，诡诈的武术家，无感觉的机械武者，旧时代的崇拜者等等，全都是绝望泥潭之中的挣扎者。我们是否被那些教授不同种类的武术教师或者“大师”们告知武术有它自己的生命价值？有多少教授武术的老师或“大师”能真正明白他们自己正说些什么？生命是一个连续的运动体，它既有节律又随意不定。生命不是凝固不动而是千变万化。但是，许多过去和现在的所谓“武术大师”们在这个流动的不断变化的生命体上建立了一个固定套路的结构，他们僵化地描述着武术的传统概念和技术，坚定地封固着这个流动的生命体，不断肢解着武术生命的整体。
最令人怜悯的情景是你会看到那些忠诚的学生们急切地去重复那些模仿性训练，倾听他们自己的呼叫声和心灵深处的喊声。在大多数情况下，这种现象就意味着学生们必须精心训练以至于他们必须全力以赴地去集中自己的注意力，直到有一天他们能专心于训练的模式中而对一切视而不见。通过训练，这些学生们以完成他们日常的训练课程为满足，将自己的反映仅仅局限于一种格斗情景之中而不再对格斗环境作“是什么”的反问。他们不再“耳听八方”，仅是“重复”一样的格斗环境。这些可怜的学生的灵魂已经不知不觉地深陷于传统武术训练的瘴气中。
一位老师，一位真正的好的武术教练从来就不是一位真理的施舍者；他是一位领路人，一位通向真理之路的引导者，而这路必须由学生们自己来发现。一位好的老师要研究学生们每个人的内在性格，鼓励学生暴露他们自己的外在特征，直到最终学生长大成人，具备了做人的优良品质。比如，一位技术娴熟的老师可能设置一些确定的挫折让学生与之对抗而达到格斗与人性的结合。一位好的老师可以是催化剂，除让学生拥有深刻理解能力外，他还必须教给学生最灵活最敏锐的思辨能力。
4、一根手指指向月亮
整体的武术格斗是无水准可言的，而对它的解释也无绝对限定。这种开明的和解放的真理是一种现实，到上前为止它只能是个人的生活经验和生活过程的体现。人的解放也是这样的一种真理———超越风格与定律。也请你记住，截拳道仅仅是一个术语，一个由你驾驶的通向自由之海的小船上的标签，一旦你到达了自由的彼岸，你就可以将它丢弃，因为你无须返回。上述段落充其量就象用一根手指指向月亮。请不要模仿用手指指向月亮，或者把你的注意力全部集中在手指上，这样你会错过观赏天空中美丽景观的机会。总之，手指的用途和它本身是没有什么关系的，它只不过是指向光源，而这个光源照亮了手指和他的一切。
--------------------------------- [杨红编译，原载《搏击》杂志]
[ 本帖最后由 hefeiddd 于 2008-12-21 20:12 编辑 ] |
楼主
